Substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide analogs as tyrosine receptor kinase BTK inhibitors

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, the invention relates to substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide analogs, derivatives thereof, and related compounds, which are useful as inhibitors of the BTK kinase; synthetic methods for making the compounds; pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds; and methods of using the compounds and compositions to treat disorders associated with dysfunction of the BTK kinase. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. 371 ofPCT/US2013/063555, filed Oct. 4, 2013, which claims the benefit under 35U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/709,534 filed onOct. 4, 2012. The contents of the prior international and provisionalapplications are hereby incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

BACKGROUND

Protein kinases play an important role in a large percentage of thebiochemical processes that regulate the functions of cells that arecritical in tumor developments including; cell proliferation, genomicrepair, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. These proteins serve, inmany cases, as molecular “switches” regulating the activity of targetproteins through the process of phosphorylation. In normal cellphysiology, the coordination of multiple kinases is a tightly regulatedprocess allowing the cell to function in a manner in which it wasdesigned. Protein kinases and phosphatases play a prominent role in thetumorigenic process. Normal cell physiology is dependent on theappropriate balance between kinase and phosphatase activity to keepimportant signaling pathways within tolerated levels. Mutations in thegenes that encode these proteins often lead to aberrant signaling thatlays the foundation for changes in cellular function. Alterations innumerous protein kinase pathways ultimately lead to deregulation ofcellular function that affect pathways that are hallmarks of the tumorphenotype.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a member of the Tec family ofnon-receptor tyrosine kinases, plays an essential role in the B-cellsignaling pathway linking cell surface B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulationto downstream intracellular responses. It is required for the normaldevelopment and function of B-lymphocytes in humans and mice asevidenced by mutations in the Btk gene that result in the X-linkedagammaglobulinemia (XLA) phenotype in humans and a less severe X-linkedimmunodeficiency phenotype (XID) in mice (e.g., D. A. Fruman, et al.,(2000), Immunity 13:1-3). Btk is expressed in all hematopoietic cellstypes except T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, and participates ina number of TLR and cytokine receptor signaling pathways includinglipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α production in macrophages,suggesting a general role for BTK in immune regulation.

BTK contains an amino-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, followedby a Tec homology (TH) domain, regulatory Src homology (SH3, SH2)domains, and a C-terminal kinase (SH1) domain. In unstimulated B cells,Btk is localized to the cytoplasm where it is catalytically inactive,presumably due to a tertiary conformation arising from intramolecularinteractions between the kinase domain and the SH2 and/or SH3 domainsthat block access of substrates to the active site. After BCRstimulation, BTK is recruited to the cell membrane via interactionsbetween the N-terminal PH domain and cell membrane phosphoinositides.Membrane-associated BTK is then phosphorylated at Tyr 551 in theactivation loop by Src family kinases. Subsequent BTKauto-phosphorylation at Tyr 223 stabilizes the active conformation andfully activates BTK kinase activity. Activated BTK phosphorylatesphospholipase (PLCγ), initiating calcium mobilization and generatingdiacylglycerol (DAG) as secondary signals, eventually leading totranscriptional activation and amplification of BCR stimulation.

In summary, BTK is a central activator of several signaling pathwaysthat are frequently altered in mammalian cancers making it an attractivetarget for therapeutic intervention. Consequently, there is a great needin the art for effective inhibitors of BTK.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the purpose(s) of the invention, as embodied andbroadly described herein, the invention, in one aspect, relates tocompounds useful as inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt pathway, compounds usefulas inhibitors of BTK, methods of making same, pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising same, and methods of treating disorders ofuncontrolled cellular proliferation using same.

Disclosed are compounds having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising atherapeutically effective amount of one or more disclosed compounds, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Also disclosed are methods for the treatment of a disorder ofuncontrolled cellular proliferation in a mammal, the method comprisingthe step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of least onedisclosed compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, orpolymorph thereof, thereby treating the disorder.

A method for the treatment of an inflammatory disorder in a mammal, themethod comprising the step of administering to the mammal an effectiveamount of least one disclosed compound, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, thereby treating the disorder.

Also disclosed are methods for decreasing kinase activity in a mammal,the method comprising the step of administering to the mammal aneffective amount of least one disclosed compound, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, thereby decreasingkinase activity in the mammal.

Also disclosed are methods for decreasing kinase activity in at leastone cell, the method comprising the step of contacting the at least onecell with an effective amount of least one disclosed compound, orpharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, therebydecreasing kinase activity in the cell.

Also disclosed are uses of a disclosed compound, a disclosed product ofmaking, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorphthereof.

Also disclosed are uses of a disclosed compound, a disclosed product ofmaking, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorphthereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of adisorder associated with a kinase dysfunction in a mammal.

Also disclosed are methods for the manufacture of a medicament toinhibit the BTK tyrosine kinase in a mammal comprising combining atleast one disclosed compound or at least one disclosed product of makingwith a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Also disclosed are kits comprising at least one disclosed compound, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, and oneor more of: (a) at least one agent known to increase kinase activity;(b) at least one agent known to decrease kinase activity; (c) at leastone agent known to treat a disorder of uncontrolled cellularproliferation; or (d) instructions for treating a disorder associatedwith uncontrolled cellular proliferation.

While aspects of the present invention can be described and claimed in aparticular statutory class, such as the system statutory class, this isfor convenience only and one of skill in the art will understand thateach aspect of the present invention can be described and claimed in anystatutory class. Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no wayintended that any method or aspect set forth herein be construed asrequiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Accordingly,where a method claim does not specifically state in the claims ordescriptions that the steps are to be limited to a specific order, it isno way intended that an order be inferred, in any respect. This holdsfor any possible non-express basis for interpretation, including mattersof logic with respect to arrangement of steps or operational flow, plainmeaning derived from grammatical organization or punctuation, or thenumber or type of aspects described in the specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate several aspects and together withthe description serve to explain the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the signaling network for Bcell activation.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of a model for dual effects on multiple myelomacells and activated osteoclasts in the bone marrow from inhibition ofBTK.

Additional advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in thedescription which follows, and in part will be obvious from thedescription, or can be learned by practice of the invention. Theadvantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means ofthe elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appendedclaims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing generaldescription and the following detailed description are exemplary andexplanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.

DESCRIPTION

The present invention can be understood more readily by reference to thefollowing detailed description of the invention and the Examplesincluded therein.

Before the present compounds, compositions, articles, systems, devices,and/or methods are disclosed and described, it is to be understood thatthey are not limited to specific synthetic methods unless otherwisespecified, or to particular reagents unless otherwise specified, as suchmay, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminologyused herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only andis not intended to be limiting. Although any methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in thepractice or testing of the present invention, example methods andmaterials are now described.

All publications mentioned herein are incorporated herein by referenceto disclose and describe the methods and/or materials in connection withwhich the publications are cited. The publications discussed herein areprovided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of thepresent application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admissionthat the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publicationby virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication providedherein can be different from the actual publication dates, which canrequire independent confirmation.

A. Definitions

As used herein, nomenclature for compounds, including organic compounds,can be given using common names, IUPAC, IUBMB, or CAS recommendationsfor nomenclature. When one or more stereochemical features are present,Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules for stereochemistry can be employed todesignate stereochemical priority, E/Z specification, and the like. Oneof skill in the art can readily ascertain the structure of a compound ifgiven a name, either by systemic reduction of the compound structureusing naming conventions, or by commercially available software, such asCHEMDRAW™ (Cambridgesoft Corporation, U.S.A.).

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms“a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a functionalgroup,” “an alkyl,” or “a residue” includes mixtures of two or more suchfunctional groups, alkyls, or residues, and the like.

Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value,and/or to “about” another particular value. When such a range isexpressed, a further aspect includes from the one particular valueand/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values areexpressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it willbe understood that the particular value forms a further aspect. It willbe further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges aresignificant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently ofthe other endpoint. It is also understood that there are a number ofvalues disclosed herein, and that each value is also herein disclosed as“about” that particular value in addition to the value itself. Forexample, if the value “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is alsodisclosed. It is also understood that each unit between two particularunits are also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then11, 12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weightof a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weightrelationship between the element or component and any other elements orcomponents in the composition or article for which a part by weight isexpressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of componentX and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weightratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whetheradditional components are contained in the compound.

A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated tothe contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation orcomposition in which the component is included.

As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” means that thesubsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, andthat the description includes instances where said event or circumstanceoccurs and instances where it does not.

As used herein, the terms “BTK,” “receptor tyrosine kinase BTK,” and“BTK receptor tyrosine kinase” can be used interchangeably and refer toa protein kinase encoded by the BTK gene, which has a gene map locus ofXq21.3-q22. The term BTK refers to a native protein that has 659 aminoacids with a molecular weight of about 76281 Da. The term refers to thatprotein which has the EC number 2.7.10.2. The term BTK is inclusive ofthe splice isoforms, and also is inclusive of such alternativedesignations as: agammaglobulinaemia tyrosine kinase, AGMX1, AT, ATK,B-cell progenitor kinase, BPK, B-cell progenitor kinase, Brutonagammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase, Bruton tyrosine kinase, BTK;dominant-negative kinase-deficient Bruton's tyrosine kinase, IMD1,MGC126261, MGC126262, PSCTK1, Tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, and XLA asused by those skilled in the art.

As used herein, the term “subject” can be a vertebrate, such as amammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. Thus, the subject ofthe herein disclosed methods can be a human, non-human primate, horse,pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The termdoes not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newbornsubjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to becovered. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal. A patient refers to asubject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient”includes human and veterinary subjects. In some aspects of the disclosedmethods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of adisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with aprotein kinase dysfunction prior to the administering step. In someaspects of the disclosed method, the subject has been diagnosed with aneed for inhibition of a protein kinase prior to the administering step.

As used herein, the term “subject” can be a vertebrate, such as amammal, a fish, a bird, a reptile, or an amphibian. Thus, the subject ofthe herein disclosed methods can be a human, non-human primate, horse,pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The termdoes not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult and newbornsubjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to becovered. In one aspect, the subject is a mammal. A patient refers to asubject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient”includes human and veterinary subjects. In some aspects of the disclosedmethods, the subject has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of adisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with aprotein kinase dysfunction prior to the administering step. In someaspects of the disclosed method, the subject has been diagnosed with aneed for inhibition of a protein kinase prior to the administering step.

As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to the medical management ofa patient with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent adisease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes activetreatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward theimprovement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and alsoincludes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal ofthe cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, ordisorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is,treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing ofthe disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventativetreatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially orcompletely inhibiting the development of the associated disease,pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is,treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directedtoward the improvement of the associated disease, pathologicalcondition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatmentemployed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward theimprovement of the associated disease, pathological condition, ordisorder. In various aspects, the term covers any treatment of asubject, including a mammal (e.g., a human), and includes: (i)preventing the disease from occurring in a subject that can bepredisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it;(ii) inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting its development; or (iii)relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease. In oneaspect, the subject is a mammal such as a primate, and, in a furtheraspect, the subject is a human. The term “subject” also includesdomesticated animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.), livestock (e.g., cattle,horses, pigs, sheep, goats, etc.), and laboratory animals (e.g., mouse,rabbit, rat, guinea pig, fruit fly, etc.).

As used herein, the term “prevent” or “preventing” refers to precluding,averting, obviating, forestalling, stopping, or hindering something fromhappening, especially by advance action. It is understood that wherereduce, inhibit or prevent are used herein, unless specificallyindicated otherwise, the use of the other two words is also expresslydisclosed.

As used herein, the term “diagnosed” means having been subjected to aphysical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, andfound to have a condition that can be diagnosed or treated by thecompounds, compositions, or methods disclosed herein. For example,“diagnosed with a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation” meanshaving been subjected to a physical examination by a person of skill,for example, a physician, and found to have a condition that can bediagnosed or treated by a compound or composition that can inhibit aprotein kinase. As a further example, “diagnosed with a need forinhibition of a protein kinase” refers to having been subjected to aphysical examination by a person of skill, for example, a physician, andfound to have a condition characterized by a protein kinase dysfunction.Such a diagnosis can be in reference to a disorder, such as a disorderof uncontrolled cellular proliferation, cancer and the like, asdiscussed herein. For example, the term “diagnosed with a need forinhibition of protein kinase activity” refers to having been subjectedto a physical examination by a person of skill, for example, aphysician, and found to have a condition that can be diagnosed ortreated by inhibition of protein kinase activity. For example,“diagnosed with a need for treatment of one or more disorders ofuncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with a protein kinasedysfunction” means having been subjected to a physical examination by aperson of skill, for example, a physician, and found to have one or moredisorders of uncontrolled cellular proliferation associated with aprotein kinase dysfunction.

As used herein, the phrase “identified to be in need of treatment for adisorder,” or the like, refers to selection of a subject based upon needfor treatment of the disorder. For example, a subject can be identifiedas having a need for treatment of a disorder (e.g., a disorder relatedto a dysfunction of protein kinase activity) based upon an earlierdiagnosis by a person of skill and thereafter subjected to treatment forthe disorder. It is contemplated that the identification can, in oneaspect, be performed by a person different from the person making thediagnosis. It is also contemplated, in a further aspect, that theadministration can be performed by one who subsequently performed theadministration.

As used herein, the terms “administering” and “administration” refer toany method of providing a pharmaceutical preparation to a subject. Suchmethods are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but arenot limited to, oral administration, transdermal administration,administration by inhalation, nasal administration, topicaladministration, intravaginal administration, ophthalmic administration,intraaural administration, intracerebral administration, rectaladministration, sublingual administration, buccal administration, andparenteral administration, including injectable such as intravenousadministration, intra-arterial administration, intramuscularadministration, and subcutaneous administration. Administration can becontinuous or intermittent. In various aspects, a preparation can beadministered therapeutically; that is, administered to treat an existingdisease or condition. In further various aspects, a preparation can beadministered prophylactically; that is, administered for prevention of adisease or condition.

The term “contacting” as used herein refers to bringing a disclosedcompound and a cell, target protein kinase, or other biological entitytogether in such a manner that the compound can affect the activity ofthe target (e.g., spliceosome, cell, etc.), either directly; i.e., byinteracting with the target itself, or indirectly; i.e., by interactingwith another molecule, co-factor, factor, or protein on which theactivity of the target is dependent.

As used herein, the terms “effective amount” and “amount effective”refer to an amount that is sufficient to achieve the desired result orto have an effect on an undesired condition. For example, a“therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount that issufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic result or to have aneffect on undesired symptoms, but is generally insufficient to causeadverse side effects. The specific therapeutically effective dose levelfor any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factorsincluding the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder;the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health,sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the route ofadministration; the rate of excretion of the specific compound employed;the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentalwith the specific compound employed and like factors well known in themedical arts. For example, it is well within the skill of the art tostart doses of a compound at levels lower than those required to achievethe desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosageuntil the desired effect is achieved. If desired, the effective dailydose can be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration.Consequently, single dose compositions can contain such amounts orsubmultiples thereof to make up the daily dose. The dosage can beadjusted by the individual physician in the event of anycontraindications. Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one ormore dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance canbe found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes ofpharmaceutical products. In further various aspects, a preparation canbe administered in a “prophylactically effective amount”; that is, anamount effective for prevention of a disease or condition.

As used herein, “kit” means a collection of at least two componentsconstituting the kit. Together, the components constitute a functionalunit for a given purpose. Individual member components may be physicallypackaged together or separately. For example, a kit comprising aninstruction for using the kit may or may not physically include theinstruction with other individual member components. Instead, theinstruction can be supplied as a separate member component, either in apaper form or an electronic form which may be supplied on computerreadable memory device or downloaded from an internet website, or asrecorded presentation.

As used herein, “instruction(s)” means documents describing relevantmaterials or methodologies pertaining to a kit. These materials mayinclude any combination of the following: background information, listof components and their availability information (purchase information,etc.), brief or detailed protocols for using the kit, trouble-shooting,references, technical support, and any other related documents.Instructions can be supplied with the kit or as a separate membercomponent, either as a paper form or an electronic form which may besupplied on computer readable memory device or downloaded from aninternet website, or as recorded presentation. Instructions can compriseone or multiple documents, and are meant to include future updates.

As used herein, the terms “therapeutic agent” include any synthetic ornaturally occurring biologically active compound or composition ofmatter which, when administered to an organism (human or nonhumananimal), induces a desired pharmacologic, immunogenic, and/orphysiologic effect by local and/or systemic action. The term thereforeencompasses those compounds or chemicals traditionally regarded asdrugs, vaccines, and biopharmaceuticals including molecules such asproteins, peptides, hormones, nucleic acids, gene constructs and thelike. Examples of therapeutic agents are described in well-knownliterature references such as the Merck Index (14^(th) edition), thePhysicians' Desk Reference (64^(th) edition), and The PharmacologicalBasis of Therapeutics (12^(th) edition), and they include, withoutlimitation, medicaments; vitamins; mineral supplements; substances usedfor the treatment, prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of adisease or illness; substances that affect the structure or function ofthe body, or pro-drugs, which become biologically active or more activeafter they have been placed in a physiological environment. For example,the term “therapeutic agent” includes compounds or compositions for usein all of the major therapeutic areas including, but not limited to,adjuvants; anti-infectives such as antibiotics and antiviral agents;analgesics and analgesic combinations, anorexics, anti-inflammatoryagents, anti-epileptics, local and general anesthetics, hypnotics,sedatives, antipsychotic agents, neuroleptic agents, antidepressants,anxiolytics, antagonists, neuron blocking agents, anticholinergic andcholinomimetic agents, antimuscarinic and muscarinic agents,antiadrenergics, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensive agents, hormones, andnutrients, antiarthritics, antiasthmatic agents, anticonvulsants,antihistamines, antinauseants, antineoplastics, antipruritics,antipyretics; antispasmodics, cardiovascular preparations (includingcalcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, beta-agonists andantiarrythmics), antihypertensives, diuretics, vasodilators; centralnervous system stimulants; cough and cold preparations; decongestants;diagnostics; hormones; bone growth stimulants and bone resorptioninhibitors; immunosuppressives; muscle relaxants; psychostimulants;sedatives; tranquilizers; proteins, peptides, and fragments thereof(whether naturally occurring, chemically synthesized or recombinantlyproduced); and nucleic acid molecules (polymeric forms of two or morenucleotides, either ribonucleotides (RNA) or deoxyribonucleotides (DNA)including both double- and single-stranded molecules, gene constructs,expression vectors, antisense molecules and the like), small molecules(e.g., doxorubicin) and other biologically active macromolecules suchas, for example, proteins and enzymes. The agent may be a biologicallyactive agent used in medical, including veterinary, applications and inagriculture, such as with plants, as well as other areas. The termtherapeutic agent also includes without limitation, medicaments;vitamins; mineral supplements; substances used for the treatment,prevention, diagnosis, cure or mitigation of disease or illness; orsubstances which affect the structure or function of the body; orpro-drugs, which become biologically active or more active after theyhave been placed in a predetermined physiological environment.

As used herein, “EC₅₀,” is intended to refer to the concentration of asubstance (e.g., a compound or a drug) that is required for 50% agonismor activation of a biological process, or component of a process,including a protein, subunit, organelle, ribonucleoprotein, etc. In oneaspect, an EC₅₀ can refer to the concentration of a substance that isrequired for 50% agonism or activation in vivo, as further definedelsewhere herein. In a further aspect, EC₅₀ refers to the concentrationof agonist or activator that provokes a response halfway between thebaseline and maximum response.

As used herein, “IC₅₀,” is intended to refer to the concentration of asubstance (e.g., a compound or a drug) that is required for 50%inhibition of a biological process, or component of a process, includinga protein, subunit, organelle, ribonucleoprotein, etc. For example, anIC₅₀ can refer to the concentration of a substance that is required for50% inhibition in vivo or the inhibition is measured in vitro, asfurther defined elsewhere herein. Alternatively, IC₅₀ refers to the halfmaximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance. Theinhibition can be measured in a cell-line such as Ramos (RA-1),Granta-519, BxPC-3 or OPM-2. In a yet further aspect, the inhibition ismeasured in a cell-line, e.g. HEK-293 or HeLa, transfected with a mutantor wild-type mammalian protein kinase, e.g. Btk.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” describes a material that is notbiologically or otherwise undesirable, i.e., without causing anunacceptable level of undesirable biological effects or interacting in adeleterious manner.

As used herein, the term “derivative” refers to a compound having astructure derived from the structure of a parent compound (e.g., acompound disclosed herein) and whose structure is sufficiently similarto those disclosed herein and based upon that similarity, would beexpected by one skilled in the art to exhibit the same or similaractivities and utilities as the claimed compounds, or to induce, as aprecursor, the same or similar activities and utilities as the claimedcompounds. Exemplary derivatives include salts, esters, amides, salts ofesters or amides, and N-oxides of a parent compound.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers tosterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions oremulsions, as well as sterile powders for reconstitution into sterileinjectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use. Examples ofsuitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehiclesinclude water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol and the like), carboxymethylcellulose and suitablemixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectableorganic esters such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained,for example, by the use of coating materials such as lecithin, by themaintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions andby the use of surfactants. These compositions can also contain adjuvantssuch as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersingagents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be ensured by theinclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents such asparaben, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid and the like. It can also bedesirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride andthe like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form canbe brought about by the inclusion of agents, such as aluminummonostearate and gelatin, which delay absorption. Injectable depot formsare made by forming microencapsule matrices of the drug in biodegradablepolymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide, poly(orthoesters) andpoly(anhydrides). Depending upon the ratio of drug to polymer and thenature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release canbe controlled. Depot injectable formulations are also prepared byentrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatiblewith body tissues. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, forexample, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter or byincorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solidcompositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water orother sterile injectable media just prior to use. Suitable inertcarriers can include sugars such as lactose. Desirably, at least 95% byweight of the particles of the active ingredient have an effectiveparticle size in the range of 0.01 to 10 micrometers.

A residue of a chemical species, as used in the specification andconcluding claims, refers to the moiety that is the resulting product ofthe chemical species in a particular reaction scheme or subsequentformulation or chemical product, regardless of whether the moiety isactually obtained from the chemical species. Thus, an ethylene glycolresidue in a polyester refers to one or more —OCH₂CH₂O— units in thepolyester, regardless of whether ethylene glycol was used to prepare thepolyester. Similarly, a sebacic acid residue in a polyester refers toone or more —CO(CH₂)₈CO— moieties in the polyester, regardless ofwhether the residue is obtained by reacting sebacic acid or an esterthereof to obtain the polyester.

As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, and aromatic and nonaromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include,for example, those described below. The permissible substituents can beone or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, canhave hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents oforganic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of theheteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to be limited in any mannerby the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Also, the terms“substitution” or “substituted with” include the implicit proviso thatsuch substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of thesubstituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution resultsin a stable compound, e.g., a compound that does not spontaneouslyundergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization,elimination, etc. It is also contemplated that, in certain aspects,unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents canbe further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted orunsubstituted).

In defining various terms, “A¹,” “A²,” “A³,” and “A⁴” are used herein asgeneric symbols to represent various specific substituents. Thesesymbols can be any substituent, not limited to those disclosed herein,and when they are defined to be certain substituents in one instance,they can, in another instance, be defined as some other substituents.

The term “aliphatic” or “aliphatic group,” as used herein, denotes ahydrocarbon moiety that may be straight-chain (i.e., unbranched),branched, or cyclic (including fused, bridging, and spirofusedpolycyclic) and may be completely saturated or may contain one or moreunits of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic. Unless otherwisespecified, aliphatic groups contain 1-20 carbon atoms. Aliphatic groupsinclude, but are not limited to, linear or branched, alkyl, alkenyl, andalkynyl groups, and hybrids thereof such as (cycloalkyl)alkyl,(cycloalkenyl)alkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkenyl.

The term “alkyl” as used herein is a branched or unbranched saturatedhydrocarbon group of 1 to 24 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl,isopentyl, s-pentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl,dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl, and the like. Thealkyl group can be branched or unbranched. The alkyl group can also besubstituted or unsubstituted. For example, the alkyl group can besubstituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to,alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl,sulfo-oxo, or thiol, as described herein. A “lower alkyl” group is analkyl group containing from one to six (e.g., from one to four) carbonatoms. The term alkyl group can also be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl,C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and the like up to and including a C1-C24alkyl.

For example, a “C1-C3 alkyl” group can be selected from methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, i-propyl, and cyclopropyl, or from a subset thereof. Incertain aspects, the “C1-C3 alkyl” group can be optionally furthersubstituted. As a further example, a “C1-C4 alkyl” group can be selectedfrom methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl,s-butyl, t-butyl, and cyclobutyl, or from a subset thereof. In certainaspects, the “C1-C4 alkyl” group can be optionally further substituted.As a further example, a “C1-C6 alkyl” group can be selected from methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl,t-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, neopentyl,cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane,neohexane, and cyclohexane, or from a subset thereof. In certainaspects, the “C1-C6 alkyl” group can be optionally further substituted.As a further example, a “C1-C8 alkyl” group can be selected from methyl,ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl,t-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, i-pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, neopentyl,cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane,neohexane, cyclohexane, heptane, cycloheptane, octane, and cyclooctane,or from a subset thereof. In certain aspects, the “C1-C8 alkyl” groupcan be optionally further substituted. As a further example, a “C1-C12alkyl” group can be selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl,cyclopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl, n-pentyl,i-pentyl, s-pentyl, t-pentyl, neopentyl, cyclopentyl, n-hexyl, i-hexyl,3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, neohexane, cyclohexane, heptane,cycloheptane, octane, cyclooctane, nonane, cyclononane, decane,cyclodecane, undecane, cycloundecane, dodecane, and cyclododecane, orfrom a subset thereof. In certain aspects, the “C1-C12 alkyl” group canbe optionally further substituted.

Throughout the specification “alkyl” is generally used to refer to bothunsubstituted alkyl groups and substituted alkyl groups; however,substituted alkyl groups are also specifically referred to herein byidentifying the specific substituent(s) on the alkyl group. For example,the term “halogenated alkyl” or “haloalkyl” specifically refers to analkyl group that is substituted with one or more halide, e.g., fluorine,chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Alternatively, the term “monohaloalkyl”specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with a singlehalide, e.g. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The term“polyhaloalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group that isindependently substituted with two or more halides, i.e. each halidesubstituent need not be the same halide as another halide substituent,nor do the multiple instances of a halide substituent need to be on thesame carbon. The term “alkoxyalkyl” specifically refers to an alkylgroup that is substituted with one or more alkoxy groups, as describedbelow. The term “aminoalkyl” specifically refers to an alkyl group thatis substituted with one or more amino groups. The term “hydroxyalkyl”specifically refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with one ormore hydroxy groups. When “alkyl” is used in one instance and a specificterm such as “hydroxyalkyl” is used in another, it is not meant to implythat the term “alkyl” does not also refer to specific terms such as“hydroxyalkyl” and the like.

This practice is also used for other groups described herein. That is,while a term such as “cycloalkyl” refers to both unsubstituted andsubstituted cycloalkyl moieties, the substituted moieties can, inaddition, be specifically identified herein; for example, a particularsubstituted cycloalkyl can be referred to as, e.g., an“alkylcycloalkyl.” Similarly, a substituted alkoxy can be specificallyreferred to as, e.g., a “halogenated alkoxy,” a particular substitutedalkenyl can be, e.g., an “alkenylalcohol,” and the like. Again, thepractice of using a general term, such as “cycloalkyl,” and a specificterm, such as “alkylcycloalkyl,” is not meant to imply that the generalterm does not also include the specific term.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-based ringcomposed of at least three carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclohexyl, norbornyl, and the like. The cycloalkyl group can besubstituted or unsubstituted. The cycloalkyl group can be substitutedwith one or more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl,sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The term “polyalkylene group” as used herein is a group having two ormore CH₂ groups linked to one another. The polyalkylene group can berepresented by the formula —(CH₂)_(a)—, where “a” is an integer of from2 to 500.

The terms “alkoxy” and “alkoxyl” as used herein to refer to an alkyl orcycloalkyl group bonded through an ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy”group can be defined as —OA¹ where A¹ is alkyl or cycloalkyl as definedabove. “Alkoxy” also includes polymers of alkoxy groups as justdescribed; that is, an alkoxy can be a polyether such as —OA¹-OA² or—OA¹-(OA²)_(a)-OA³, where “a” is an integer of from 1 to 200 and A¹, A²,and A³ are alkyl and/or cycloalkyl groups.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of from 2 to 24carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least onecarbon-carbon double bond. Asymmetric structures such as (A¹A²)C═C(A³A⁴)are intended to include both the E and Z isomers. This can be presumedin structural formulae herein wherein an asymmetric alkene is present,or it can be explicitly indicated by the bond symbol C═C. The alkenylgroup can be substituted with one or more groups including, but notlimited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester,ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, orthiol, as described herein.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-basedring composed of at least three carbon atoms and containing at least onecarbon-carbon double bound, i.e., C═C. Examples of cycloalkenyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl,cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl,norbornenyl, and the like. The cycloalkenyl group can be substituted orunsubstituted. The cycloalkenyl group can be substituted with one ormore groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy,alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone,azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein is a hydrocarbon group of 2 to 24carbon atoms with a structural formula containing at least onecarbon-carbon triple bond. The alkynyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted with one or more groups including, but not limited to,alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylic acid, ester, ether,halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol, asdescribed herein.

The term “cycloalkynyl” as used herein is a non-aromatic carbon-basedring composed of at least seven carbon atoms and containing at least onecarbon-carbon triple bound. Examples of cycloalkynyl groups include, butare not limited to, cycloheptynyl, cyclooctynyl, cyclononynyl, and thelike. The cycloalkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. Thecycloalkynyl group can be substituted with one or more groups including,but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aldehyde, amino, carboxylicacid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone, azide, nitro, silyl,sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein.

The term “aromatic group” as used herein refers to a ring structurehaving cyclic clouds of delocalized π electrons above and below theplane of the molecule, where the π clouds contain (4n+2) π electrons. Afurther discussion of aromaticity is found in Morrison and Boyd, OrganicChemistry, (5th Ed., 1987), Chapter 13, entitled “Aromaticity,” pages477-497, incorporated herein by reference. The term “aromatic group” isinclusive of both aryl and heteroaryl groups.

The term “aryl” as used herein is a group that contains any carbon-basedaromatic group including, but not limited to, benzene, naphthalene,phenyl, biphenyl, anthracene, and the like. The aryl group can besubstituted or unsubstituted. The aryl group can be substituted with oneor more groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy,alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aldehyde, —NH₂, carboxylic acid, ester, ether, halide, hydroxy, ketone,azide, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. The term“biaryl” is a specific type of aryl group and is included in thedefinition of “aryl.” In addition, the aryl group can be a single ringstructure or comprise multiple ring structures that are either fusedring structures or attached via one or more bridging groups such as acarbon-carbon bond. For example, biaryl refers to two aryl groups thatare bound together via a fused ring structure, as in naphthalene, or areattached via one or more carbon-carbon bonds, as in biphenyl.

The term “aldehyde” as used herein is represented by the formula —C(O)H.Throughout this specification “C(O)” is a short hand notation for acarbonyl group, i.e., C═O.

The terms “amine” or “amino” as used herein are represented by theformula —NA¹A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, hydrogen oralkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl,or heteroaryl group as described herein. A specific example of amino is—NH₂.

The term “alkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formulas—NH(-alkyl) and —N(-alkyl)₂, and where alkyl is as described herein. Thealkyl group can be a C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl,C1-05 alkyl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10alkyl, and the like, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. Representativeexamples include, but are not limited to, methylamino group, ethylaminogroup, propylamino group, isopropylamino group, butylamino group,isobutylamino group, (sec-butyl)amino group, (tert-butyl)amino group,pentylamino group, isopentylamino group, (tert-pentyl)amino group,hexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylaminogroup, and N-ethyl-N-propylamino group. Representative examples include,but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group,dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group,diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)aminogroup, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)aminogroup, dihexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group,N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group, and the like.

The term “monoalkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula—NH(-alkyl), where alkyl is as described herein. The alkyl group can bea C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and thelike, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. Representative examplesinclude, but are not limited to, methylamino group, ethylamino group,propylamino group, isopropylamino group, butylamino group, isobutylaminogroup, (sec-butyl)amino group, (tert-butyl)amino group, pentylaminogroup, isopentylamino group, (tert-pentyl)amino group, hexylamino group,and the like.

The term “dialkylamino” as used herein is represented by the formula—N(-alkyl)₂, where alkyl is as described herein. The alkyl group can bea C1 alkyl, C1-C2 alkyl, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C7 alkyl, C1-C8 alkyl, C1-C9 alkyl, C1-C10 alkyl, and thelike, up to and including a C1-C24 alkyl. It is understood that eachalkyl group can be independently varied, e.g. as in the representativecompounds such as N-ethyl-N-methylamino group, N-methyl-N-propylaminogroup, and N-ethyl-N-propylamino group. Representative examples include,but are not limited to, dimethylamino group, diethylamino group,dipropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, dibutylamino group,diisobutylamino group, di(sec-butyl)amino group, di(tert-butyl)aminogroup, dipentylamino group, diisopentylamino group, di(tert-pentyl)aminogroup, dihexylamino group, N-ethyl-N-methylamino group,N-methyl-N-propylamino group, N-ethyl-N-propylamino group, and the like.

The term “carboxylic acid” as used herein is represented by the formula—C(O)OH.

The term “ester” as used herein is represented by the formula —OC(O)A¹or —C(O)OA¹, where A¹ can be alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.The term “polyester” as used herein is represented by the formula-(A¹O(O)C-A²-C(O)O)_(a)— or -(A¹O(O)C-A²-OC(O))_(a)—, where A¹ and A²can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group described herein and“a” is an integer from 1 to 500. “Polyester” is as the term used todescribe a group that is produced by the reaction between a compoundhaving at least two carboxylic acid groups with a compound having atleast two hydroxyl groups.

The term “ether” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹OA²,where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group describedherein. The term “polyether” as used herein is represented by theformula -(A¹O-A²O)_(a)—, where A¹ and A² can be, independently, analkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl,or heteroaryl group described herein and “a” is an integer of from 1 to500. Examples of polyether groups include polyethylene oxide,polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide.

The terms “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide,” as used herein can be usedinterchangeably and refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.

The terms “pseudohalide,” “pseudohalogen” or “pseudohalo,” as usedherein can be used interchangeably and refer to functional groups thatbehave substantially similar to halides. Such functional groups include,by way of example, cyano, thiocyanato, azido, trifluoromethyl,trifluoromethoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and perfluoroalkoxy groups.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein refers to an alkyl groupcontaining at least one heteroatom. Suitable heteroatoms include, butare not limited to, O, N, Si, P and S, wherein the nitrogen, phosphorousand sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen heteroatom isoptionally quaternized. Heteroalkyls can be substituted as defined abovefor alkyl groups.

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein refers to an aromatic group thathas at least one heteroatom incorporated within the ring of the aromaticgroup. Examples of heteroatoms include, but are not limited to,nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus, where N-oxides, sulfur oxides,and dioxides are permissible heteroatom substitutions. The heteroarylgroup can be substituted or unsubstituted, and the heteroaryl group canbe monocyclic, bicyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring. The heteroarylgroup can be substituted with one or more groups including, but notlimited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, amino, ether, halide, hydroxy,nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol as described herein. It is understoodthat a heteroaryl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in thering, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising theheteroaryl ring.

A variety of heteroaryl groups are known in the art and include, withoutlimitation, oxygen-containing rings, nitrogen-containing rings,sulfur-containing rings, mixed heteroatom-containing rings, fusedheteroatom containing rings, and combinations thereof. Non-limitingexamples of heteroaryl rings include furyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,azepinyl, triazinyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl,oxatriazolyl, oxepinyl, thiepinyl, diazepinyl, benzofuranyl,thionapthene, indolyl, benzazolyl, pyranopyrrolyl, isoindazolyl,indoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzodiazonyl,naphthyridinyl, benzothienyl, pyridopyridinyl, acridinyl, carbazolyl andpurinyl rings.

The term “monocyclic heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclicring system which is aromatic and in which at least one of the ringatoms is a heteroatom. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are notlimited, to the following exemplary groups: pyridine, pyrimidine, furan,thiophene, pyrrole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiazole,imidazole, oxadiazole, including, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole and1,3,4-thiadiazole, including, 1,2,3-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole, and1,3,4-thiadiazole, triazole, including, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,3,4-triazole,tetrazole, including 1,2,3,4-tetrazole and 1,2,4,5-tetrazole,pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, including 1,2,4-triazine and1,3,5-triazine, tetrazine, including 1,2,4,5-tetrazine, and the like.Monocyclic heteroaryl groups are numbered according to standard chemicalnomenclature.

The term “bicyclic heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to a ring systemcomprising a bicyclic ring system in which at least one of the two ringsis aromatic and at least one of the two rings contains a heteroatom.Bicyclic heteroaryl encompasses ring systems wherein an aromatic ring isfused with another aromatic ring, or wherein an aromatic ring is fusedwith a non-aromatic ring. Bicyclic heteroaryl encompasses ring systemswherein a benzene ring is fused to a 5- or a 6-membered ring containing1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms or wherein a pyridine ring is fused to a 5-or a 6-membered ring containing 1, 2 or 3 ring heteroatoms. Examples ofbicyclic heteroaryl groups include without limitation indolyl,isoindolyl, indolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,benzofuranyl, bexothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazinyl,benzothiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl,phthalazinyl, quinazolizinyl, quinoxalyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridyl.Bicyclic heteroaryls are numbered according to standard chemicalnomenclature.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to an aliphatic,partially unsaturated or fully saturated, 3- to 14-membered ring system,including single rings of 3 to 8 atoms and bi- and tricyclic ringsystems where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replacedwith a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur,or phosphorus. A heterocycloalkyl can include one to four heteroatomsindependently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein anitrogen and sulfur heteroatom optionally can be oxidized and a nitrogenheteroatom optionally can be substituted. Representativeheterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited, to the followingexemplary groups: pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, andtetrahydrofuryl. The term heterocycloalkyl group can also be a C2heterocycloalkyl, C2-C3 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C4 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C5heterocycloalkyl, C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C8heterocycloalkyl, C2-C9 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C10 heterocycloalkyl,C2-C11 heterocycloalkyl, and the like up to and including a C2-C14heterocycloalkyl. For example, a C2 heterocycloalkyl comprises a groupwhich has two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, butnot limited to, aziridinyl, diazetidinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, and thelike. Alternatively, for example, a C5 heterocycloalkyl comprises agroup which has five carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom,including, but not limited to, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, diazepanyl, and the like. It is understood that aheterocycloalkyl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in thering, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising theheterocycloalkyl ring. The heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted orunsubstituted. The heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted with one ormore groups including, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy,amino, ether, halide, hydroxy, nitro, silyl, sulfo-oxo, or thiol asdescribed herein.

The term “hydroxyl” or “hydroxyl,” as used herein can be usedinterchangeably and refers to a group represented by the formula —OH.

The term “ketone” as used herein is represented by the formula A¹C(O)A²,where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group asdescribed herein.

The term “azide” or “azido,” as used herein can be used interchangeablyand refers to a group represented by the formula —N₃.

The term “nitro” as used herein is represented by the formula —NO₂.

The term “nitrile” or “cyano,” as used herein can be usedinterchangeably and refers to a group represented by the formula —CN.

The term “silyl” as used herein is represented by the formula —SiA¹A²A³,where A¹, A², and A³ can be, independently, hydrogen or an alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl,or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “sulfo-oxo” as used herein is represented by the formulas—S(O)A¹, —S(O)₂A¹, —OS(O)₂A¹, or —OS(O)₂OA¹, where A¹ can be hydrogen oran alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl,aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein. Throughout thisspecification “S(O)” is a short hand notation for S═O. The term“sulfonyl” is used herein to refer to the sulfo-oxo group represented bythe formula —S(O)₂A¹, where A¹ can be hydrogen or an alkyl, cycloalkyl,alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groupas described herein. The term “sulfone” as used herein is represented bythe formula A¹S(O)₂A², where A¹ and A² can be, independently, an alkyl,cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkynyl, aryl, orheteroaryl group as described herein. The term “sulfoxide” as usedherein is represented by the formula A¹S(O)A², where A¹ and A² can be,independently, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl,cycloalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group as described herein.

The term “thiol” as used herein is represented by the formula —SH.

“R¹,” “R²,” “R³,” “R^(n),” where n is an integer, as used herein can,independently, possess one or more of the groups listed above. Forexample, if R¹ is a straight chain alkyl group, one of the hydrogenatoms of the alkyl group can optionally be substituted with a hydroxylgroup, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, a halide, and the like.Depending upon the groups that are selected, a first group can beincorporated within second group or, alternatively, the first group canbe pendant (i.e., attached) to the second group. For example, with thephrase “an alkyl group comprising an amino group,” the amino group canbe incorporated within the backbone of the alkyl group. Alternatively,the amino group can be attached to the backbone of the alkyl group. Thenature of the group(s) that is (are) selected will determine if thefirst group is embedded or attached to the second group.

As described herein, compounds of the invention may contain “optionallysubstituted” moieties. In general, the term “substituted,” whetherpreceded by the term “optionally” or not, means that one or morehydrogens of the designated moiety are replaced with a suitablesubstituent. Unless otherwise indicated, an “optionally substituted”group may have a suitable substituent at each substitutable position ofthe group, and when more than one position in any given structure may besubstituted with more than one substituent selected from a specifiedgroup, the substituent may be either the same or different at everyposition. Combinations of substituents envisioned by this invention arepreferably those that result in the formation of stable or chemicallyfeasible compounds. In is also contemplated that, in certain aspects,unless expressly indicated to the contrary, individual substituents canbe further optionally substituted (i.e., further substituted orunsubstituted).

The term “stable,” as used herein, refers to compounds that are notsubstantially altered when subjected to conditions to allow for theirproduction, detection, and, in certain aspects, their recovery,purification, and use for one or more of the purposes disclosed herein.

Suitable monovalent substituents on a substitutable carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group are independently halogen;—(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OR^(∘); —O(CH₂)₀₋₄R^(∘), —O—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(∘);—(CH₂)₀₋₄CH(OR^(∘))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄Ph, which may besubstituted with R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph which may be substitutedwith R^(∘); —CH═CHPh, which may be substituted with R^(∘);—(CH₂)₀₋₄O(CH₂)₀₋₁-pyridyl which may be substituted with R^(∘); —NO₂;—CN; —N₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)R^(∘);—N(R^(∘))C(S)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))C(S)NR^(∘)₂; —(CH₂)₀₋₄N(R^(∘))C(O)OR^(∘); —N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)R^(∘);—N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))N(R^(∘))C(O)OR^(∘);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)R^(∘); —C(S)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OR^(∘);—(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)SR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)OSiR^(∘) ₃; —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)R^(∘);—OC(O)(CH₂)₀₋₄SR—, —(CH₂)₀₋₄SC(O)R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄C(O)NR^(∘) ₂;—C(S)NR^(∘) ₂; —C(S)SR^(∘); —SC(S)SR^(∘), —(CH₂)₀₋₄OC(O)NR^(∘) ₂;—C(O)N(OR^(∘))R^(∘); —C(O)C(O)R^(∘); —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(∘);—C(NOR^(∘))R^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄SSR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂R^(∘);—(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)₂OR^(∘); —(CH₂)₀₋₄OS(O)₂R^(∘); —S(O)₂NR^(∘) ₂;—(CH₂)₀₋₄S(O)R^(∘); —N(R^(∘))S(O)₂NR^(∘) ₂; —N(R^(∘))S(O)₂R^(∘);—N(OR^(∘))R^(∘); —C(NH)NR^(∘) ₂; —P(O)₂R^(∘); —P(O)R^(∘) ₂; —OP(O)R^(∘)₂; —OP(O)(OR^(∘))₂; SiR^(∘) ₃; —(C₁₋₄ straight orbranched)alkylene)O—N(R^(∘))₂; or —(C₁₋₄ straight orbranched)alkylene)C(O)O—N(R^(∘))₂, wherein each R^(∘) may be substitutedas defined below and is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, —CH₂-(5-6 membered heteroaryl ring), or a 5-6-memberedsaturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences ofR^(∘), taken together with their intervening atom(s), form a3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl mono- orbicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected fromnitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, which may be substituted as defined below.

Suitable monovalent substituents on R^(∘) (or the ring formed by takingtwo independent occurrences of R^(∘) together with their interveningatoms), are independently halogen, —(CH₂)₀₋₂R^(●), -(haloR^(●)),—(CH₂)₀₋₂OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂OR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂CH(OR^(●))₂; —O(haloR^(●)), —CN,—N₃, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)R^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂C(O)OR^(●),—(CH₂)₀₋₂SR^(●), —(CH₂)₀₋₂SH, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NH₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHR^(●),—(CH₂)₀₋₂NR^(●) ₂, —NO₂, —SiR^(●) ₃, —OSiR●₃, —C(O)SR^(●), —(C₁₋₄straight or branched alkylene)C(O)OR^(●), or —SSR^(●) wherein each R^(●)is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only withone or more halogens, and is independently selected from C₁₋₄ aliphatic,—CH₂Ph, —O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents on asaturated carbon atom of R^(∘) include ═O and ═S.

Suitable divalent substituents on a saturated carbon atom of an“optionally substituted” group include the following: ═O, ═S, ═NNR*₂,═NNHC(O)R*, ═NNHC(O)OR*, ═NNHS(O)₂R*, ═NR*, ═NOR*, —O(C(R*₂))₂₋₃O—, or—S(C(R*₂))₂₋₃S—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* is selectedfrom hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted as defined below,or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur. Suitable divalent substituents that are bound tovicinal substitutable carbons of an “optionally substituted” groupinclude: —O(CR*₂)₂₋₃O—, wherein each independent occurrence of R* isselected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substituted asdefined below, or an unsubstituted 5-6-membered saturated, partiallyunsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R* include halogen,—R^(●), -(haloR^(●)), —OH, —OR^(●), —O(haloR^(●)), —CN, —C(O)OH,—C(O)OR^(●), —NH₂, —NHR^(●), —NR^(●) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein each R^(●) isunsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted only with oneor more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on a substitutable nitrogen of an “optionallysubstituted” group include —R^(†), —NR^(†) ₂, —C(O)R^(†), —C(O)OR^(†),—C(O)C(O)R^(†), —C(O)CH₂C(O)R^(†), —S(O)₂R^(†), —S(O)₂NR^(†) ₂,—C(S)NR^(†) ₂, —C(NH)NR^(†) ₂, or —N(R^(†))S(O)₂R^(†); wherein eachR^(†) is independently hydrogen, C₁₋₆ aliphatic which may be substitutedas defined below, unsubstituted —OPh, or an unsubstituted 5-6-memberedsaturated, partially unsaturated, or aryl ring having 0-4 heteroatomsindependently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, or,notwithstanding the definition above, two independent occurrences ofR^(†), taken together with their intervening atom(s) form anunsubstituted 3-12-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, or arylmono- or bicyclic ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selectedfrom nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.

Suitable substituents on the aliphatic group of R^(†) are independentlyhalogen, —R^(●), -(haloR^(●)), —OH, —OR^(●), —O(haloR^(●)), —CN,—C(O)OH, —C(O)OR^(●), —NH₂, —NHR^(●), —NR^(●) ₂, or —NO₂, wherein eachR^(●) is unsubstituted or where preceded by “halo” is substituted onlywith one or more halogens, and is independently C₁₋₄ aliphatic, —CH₂Ph,—O(CH₂)₀₋₁Ph, or a 5-6-membered saturated, partially unsaturated, oraryl ring having 0-4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen,oxygen, or sulfur.

The term “leaving group” refers to an atom (or a group of atoms) withelectron withdrawing ability that can be displaced as a stable species,taking with it the bonding electrons. Examples of suitable leavinggroups include halides—including chloro, bromo, and iodo—andpseudohalides (sulfonate esters)—including triflate, mesylate, tosylate,and brosylate. It is also contemplated that a hydroxyl moiety can beconverted into a leaving group via Mitsunobu reaction.

The term “protecting group” means a group which protects one or morefunctional groups of a compound giving rise to a protected derivative ofthe specified compound. Functional groups which may be protectedinclude, by way of example, amino groups, hydroxyl groups, and the like.Protecting groups are well-known to those skilled in the art and aredescribed, for example, in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, ProtectingGroups in Organic Synthesis, Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, andreferences cited therein.

The term “amino-protecting group” means a protecting group suitable forpreventing undesired reactions at an amino group, include, but are notlimited to, tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), trityl (Tr), benzyloxycarbonyl(Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC), formyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS),tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, p-fluorobenzyl,p-chlorobenzyl, p-bromobenzyl, diphenylmethyl naphtylmethyl, and thelike.

The term “hydroxyl-protecting group” means a protecting group suitablefor preventing undesirable reactions at a hydroxyl group. Representativehydroxyl-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, silyl groupsincluding tri(1-6C)-alkylsilyl groups, such as trimethylsilyl (TMS),triethylsilyl (TES), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), and the like; esters(acyl groups) including (1-6C)-alkanoyl groups, such as formyl, acetyl,and the like; arylmethyl groups, such as benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl(PMB), 9-fluorenylmethyl (Fm), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl, DPM), and thelike.

The terms “hydrolysable group” and “hydrolysable moiety” refer to afunctional group capable of undergoing hydrolysis, e.g., under basic oracidic conditions. Examples of hydrolysable residues include, withoutlimitation, acid halides, activated carboxylic acids, and variousprotecting groups known in the art (see, for example, “Protective Groupsin Organic Synthesis,” T. W. Greene, P. G. M. Wuts, Wiley-Interscience,1999).

The term “organic residue” defines a carbon containing residue, i.e., aresidue comprising at least one carbon atom, and includes but is notlimited to the carbon-containing groups, residues, or radicals definedhereinabove. Organic residues can contain various heteroatoms, or bebonded to another molecule through a heteroatom, including oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or the like. Examples of organic residuesinclude but are not limited alkyl or substituted alkyls, alkoxy orsubstituted alkoxy, mono or di-substituted amino, amide groups, etc.Organic residues can preferably comprise 1 to 18 carbon atoms, 1 to 15,carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, 1 to 6 carbonatoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organic residuecan comprise 2 to 18 carbon atoms, 2 to 15, carbon atoms, 2 to 12 carbonatoms, 2 to 8 carbon atoms, 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or 2 to 4 carbon atoms.

A very close synonym of the term “residue” is the term “radical,” whichas used in the specification and concluding claims, refers to afragment, group, or substructure of a molecule described herein,regardless of how the molecule is prepared. For example, a2,4-thiazolidinedione radical in a particular compound has thestructure:

regardless of whether thiazolidinedione is used to prepare the compound.In some embodiments the radical (for example an alkyl) can be furthermodified (i.e., substituted alkyl) by having bonded thereto one or more“substituent radicals.” The number of atoms in a given radical is notcritical to the present invention unless it is indicated to the contraryelsewhere herein.

“Organic radicals,” as the term is defined and used herein, contain oneor more carbon atoms. An organic radical can have, for example, 1-26carbon atoms, 1-18 carbon atoms, 1-12 carbon atoms, 1-8 carbon atoms,1-6 carbon atoms, or 1-4 carbon atoms. In a further aspect, an organicradical can have 2-26 carbon atoms, 2-18 carbon atoms, 2-12 carbonatoms, 2-8 carbon atoms, 2-6 carbon atoms, or 2-4 carbon atoms. Organicradicals often have hydrogen bound to at least some of the carbon atomsof the organic radical. One example, of an organic radical thatcomprises no inorganic atoms is a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl radical.In some embodiments, an organic radical can contain 1-10 inorganicheteroatoms bound thereto or therein, including halogens, oxygen,sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and the like. Examples of organic radicalsinclude but are not limited to an alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl,substituted cycloalkyl, mono-substituted amino, di-substituted amino,acyloxy, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, alkylcarboxamide, substitutedalkylcarboxamide, dialkylcarboxamide, substituted dialkylcarboxamide,alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfinyl, thioalkyl, thiohaloalkyl, alkoxy,substituted alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, aryl, substituted aryl,heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or substituted heterocyclic radicals, whereinthe terms are defined elsewhere herein. A few non-limiting examples oforganic radicals that include heteroatoms include alkoxy radicals,trifluoromethoxy radicals, acetoxy radicals, dimethylamino radicals andthe like.

“Inorganic radicals,” as the term is defined and used herein, contain nocarbon atoms and therefore comprise only atoms other than carbon.Inorganic radicals comprise bonded combinations of atoms selected fromhydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, andhalogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, which can bepresent individually or bonded together in their chemically stablecombinations. Inorganic radicals have 10 or fewer, or preferably one tosix or one to four inorganic atoms as listed above bonded together.Examples of inorganic radicals include, but not limited to, amino,hydroxy, halogens, nitro, thiol, sulfate, phosphate, and like commonlyknown inorganic radicals. The inorganic radicals do not have bondedtherein the metallic elements of the periodic table (such as the alkalimetals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanide metals, oractinide metals), although such metal ions can sometimes serve as apharmaceutically acceptable cation for anionic inorganic radicals suchas a sulfate, phosphate, or like anionic inorganic radical. Inorganicradicals do not comprise metalloids elements such as boron, aluminum,gallium, germanium, arsenic, tin, lead, or tellurium, or the noble gaselements, unless otherwise specifically indicated elsewhere herein.

Compounds described herein can contain one or more double bonds and,thus, potentially give rise to cis/trans (E/Z) isomers, as well as otherconformational isomers. Unless stated to the contrary, the inventionincludes all such possible isomers, as well as mixtures of such isomers.

Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown onlyas solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates eachpossible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer and diastereomer, and a mixtureof isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Compounds describedherein can contain one or more asymmetric centers and, thus, potentiallygive rise to diastereomers and optical isomers. Unless stated to thecontrary, the present invention includes all such possible diastereomersas well as their racemic mixtures, their substantially pure resolvedenantiomers, all possible geometric isomers, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. Mixtures of stereoisomers, as well as isolatedspecific stereoisomers, are also included. During the course of thesynthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in usingracemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in theart, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.

Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms having theability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing anoptically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used todenote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiralcenter(s). The prefixes d and 1 or (+) and (−) are employed to designatethe sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound. Forexample, a compound prefixed with (−) or 1 meaning that the compound islevorotatory, and a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.For a given chemical structure, these compounds, called stereoisomers,are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images ofone another. A specific stereoisomer can also be referred to as anenantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called anenantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as aracemic mixture. Many of the compounds described herein can have one ormore chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomericforms. If desired, a chiral carbon can be designated with an asterisk(*). When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines inthe disclosed formulas, it is understood that both the (R) and (S)configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers andmixtures thereof, are embraced within the formula. As is used in theart, when it is desired to specify the absolute configuration about achiral carbon, one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted asa wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depictedas a series or wedge of short parallel lines is (bonds to atoms belowthe plane). The Cahn-Inglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R)or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon.

Compounds described herein comprise atoms in both their natural isotopicabundance and in non-natural abundance. The disclosed compounds can beisotopically-labeled or isotopically-substituted compounds identical tothose described, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced byan atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomicmass or mass number typically found in nature. Examples of isotopes thatcan be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes ofhydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine,such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively.Compounds further comprise prodrugs thereof, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of said compounds or of said prodrugs which contain theaforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are withinthe scope of this invention. Certain isotopically-labeled compounds ofthe present invention, for example those into which radioactive isotopessuch as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substratetissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e.,¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparationand detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such asdeuterium, i.e., ²H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resultingfrom greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivohalf-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred insome circumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of the presentinvention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying outthe procedures below, by substituting a readily available isotopicallylabeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

The compounds described in the invention can be present as a solvate. Insome cases, the solvent used to prepare the solvate is an aqueoussolution, and the solvate is then often referred to as a hydrate. Thecompounds can be present as a hydrate, which can be obtained, forexample, by crystallization from a solvent or from aqueous solution. Inthis connection, one, two, three or any arbitrary number of solvent orwater molecules can combine with the compounds according to theinvention to form solvates and hydrates. Unless stated to the contrary,the invention includes all such possible solvates.

The term “co-crystal” means a physical association of two or moremolecules which owe their stability through non-covalent interaction.One or more components of this molecular complex provide a stableframework in the crystalline lattice. In certain instances, the guestmolecules are incorporated in the crystalline lattice as anhydrates orsolvates, see e.g. “Crystal Engineering of the Composition ofPharmaceutical Phases. Do Pharmaceutical Co-crystals Represent a NewPath to Improved Medicines?” Almarasson, O., et. al., The Royal Societyof Chemistry, 1889-1896, 2004. Examples of co-crystals includep-toluenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid.

It is also appreciated that certain compounds described herein can bepresent as an equilibrium of tautomers. For example, ketones with anα-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of the keto form and the enolform.

Likewise, amides with an N-hydrogen can exist in an equilibrium of theamide form and the imidic acid form. Unless stated to the contrary, theinvention includes all such possible tautomers.

It is known that chemical substances form solids which are present indifferent states of order which are termed polymorphic forms ormodifications. The different modifications of a polymorphic substancecan differ greatly in their physical properties. The compounds accordingto the invention can be present in different polymorphic forms, with itbeing possible for particular modifications to be metastable. Unlessstated to the contrary, the invention includes all such possiblepolymorphic forms.

In some aspects, a structure of a compound can be represented by aformula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

wherein n is typically an integer. That is, R^(n) is understood torepresent five independent substituents, R^(n(a)), R^(n(b)), R^(n(c)),R^(n(d)), R^(n(e)). By “independent substituents,” it is meant that eachR substituent can be independently defined. For example, if in oneinstance R^(n(a)) is halogen, then R^(n(b)) is not necessarily halogenin that instance.

Certain materials, compounds, compositions, and components disclosedherein can be obtained commercially or readily synthesized usingtechniques generally known to those of skill in the art. For example,the starting materials and reagents used in preparing the disclosedcompounds and compositions are either available from commercialsuppliers such as Aldrich Chemical Co., (Milwaukee, Wis.), AcrosOrganics (Morris Plains, N.J.), Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa.), orSigma (St. Louis, Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilledin the art following procedures set forth in references such as Fieserand Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wileyand Sons, 1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 andSupplemental volumes (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); OrganicReactions, Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991); March's AdvancedOrganic Chemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition); and Larock'sComprehensive Organic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989).

Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is in no way intended that anymethod set forth herein be construed as requiring that its steps beperformed in a specific order. Accordingly, where a method claim doesnot actually recite an order to be followed by its steps or it is nototherwise specifically stated in the claims or descriptions that thesteps are to be limited to a specific order, it is no way intended thatan order be inferred, in any respect. This holds for any possiblenon-express basis for interpretation, including: matters of logic withrespect to arrangement of steps or operational flow; plain meaningderived from grammatical organization or punctuation; and the number ortype of embodiments described in the specification.

Disclosed are the components to be used to prepare the compositions ofthe invention as well as the compositions themselves to be used withinthe methods disclosed herein. These and other materials are disclosedherein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets,interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that whilespecific reference of each various individual and collectivecombinations and permutation of these compounds cannot be explicitlydisclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. Forexample, if a particular compound is disclosed and discussed and anumber of modifications that can be made to a number of moleculesincluding the compounds are discussed, specifically contemplated is eachand every combination and permutation of the compound and themodifications that are possible unless specifically indicated to thecontrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed aswell as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combinationmolecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individuallyrecited each is individually and collectively contemplated meaningcombinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are considereddisclosed. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is alsodisclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E wouldbe considered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of thisapplication including, but not limited to, steps in methods of makingand using the compositions of the invention. Thus, if there are avariety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood thateach of these additional steps can be performed with any specificembodiment or combination of embodiments of the methods of theinvention.

It is understood that the compositions disclosed herein have certainfunctions. Disclosed herein are certain structural requirements forperforming the disclosed functions, and it is understood that there area variety of structures that can perform the same function that arerelated to the disclosed structures, and that these structures willtypically achieve the same result.

B. Compounds

In one aspect, the invention relates to compounds useful as inhibitorsof protein kinase. In a further aspect, the compounds are useful asinhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Moreover, in one aspect,the compounds of the invention are useful in the treatment of disordersof uncontrolled cellular proliferations. In a further aspect, thedisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is a cancer or a tumor.In a further aspect, the compounds of the invention are useful in thetreatment of disorders of inflammation. In a still further aspect, thedisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is associated with BTKdysfunction, as further described herein.

It is contemplated that each disclosed derivative can be optionallyfurther substituted. It is also contemplated that any one or morederivative can be optionally omitted from the invention. It isunderstood that a disclosed compound can be provided by the disclosedmethods. It is also understood that the disclosed compounds can beemployed in the disclosed methods of using.

1. Structure

In one aspect, the invention relates to a compound having a structurerepresented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹ is halogen; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula selected from:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein allvariables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; andwherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl; andwherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl; andwherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least oneoccurrence is hydrogen; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen; andwherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least oneoccurrence is hydrogen; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least oneoccurrence is hydrogen; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are asdefined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are asdefined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least oneoccurrence is hydrogen; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen; andwherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen; andwherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R¹⁵ isselected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl; and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

In a further aspect, the compound has a structure represented by aformula:

and wherein all variables are as defined herein.

Suitable substituents are described below.

a. Ar¹ Groups

In one aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independentlyselected from cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl,C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, andC1-C3 dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenylsubstituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from cyano, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In afurther aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-2 groups independentlyselected from cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl,and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, andC1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted witha group selected from cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect,Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 1-3 groups independentlyselected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ ismonocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 1-2 groups independently selectedfrom halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroarylsubstituted with a group selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is selected from pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl;pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl; and Ar¹ is substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is selectedfrom pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl; and Ar¹ issubstituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from halo, cyano,C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is selected from pyridinyl,pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl; and Ar¹ is substituted with 1-2groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect,Ar¹ is selected from pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl; pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl;and Ar¹ is monosubstituted with a group selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl,C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyridinyl and substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ ispyridinyl and substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected fromhalo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyridinyl and substituted with1-2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect,Ar¹ is pyridinyl monosubstituted with a group selected from halo, cyano,C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyrimidinyl and substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ ispyrimidinyl and substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected fromhalo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyrimidinyl and substitutedwith 1-2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl,C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In afurther aspect, Ar¹ is pyrimidinyl monosubstituted with a group selectedfrom halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, andC1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyridazinyl and substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ ispyridazinyl and substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected fromhalo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyridazinyl and substitutedwith 1-2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl,C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In afurther aspect, Ar¹ is pyridazinyl monosubstituted with a group selectedfrom halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, andC1-C3 dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyrazinyl and substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ ispyrazinyl and substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected fromhalo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino. In a further aspect, Ar¹ is pyrazinyl and substituted with1-2 groups independently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl,SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino. In a further aspect,Ar¹ is pyrazinyl monosubstituted with a group selected from halo, cyano,C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂I, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂I,—(CH₂)₂CH₂F, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂I, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CHI₂, —CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂,—CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —CH₂CHI₂, —CH₂CI₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂,—(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHI₂, —(CH₂)₂CI₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,—OCH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₃), —NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, and —NHCH(CH₃)₂. Ina still further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F,—(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃,—CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂,—(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₃,—NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, —NHCH(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —N(CH₃)CH₂CH₃. In ayet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CI₃,—OCH₃, —NHCH₃, and —N(CH₃)₂.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂I, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂I,—(CH₂)₂CH₂F, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂I, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CHI₂, —CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂,—CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —CH₂CHI₂, —CH₂CI₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂,—(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHI₂, —(CH₂)₂CI₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,—OCH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₃), —NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, and —NHCH(CH₃)₂. Ina still further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-3 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F,—(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃,—CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂,—(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₃,—NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, —NHCH(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —N(CH₃)CH₂CH₃. In ayet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-3 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CI₃,—OCH₃, —NHCH₃, and —N(CH₃)₂.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-2 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂I, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂I,—(CH₂)₂CH₂F, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂I, —CHF₂, —CF₃,—CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CHI₂, —CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂,—CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —CH₂CHI₂, —CH₂CI₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂,—(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHI₂, —(CH₂)₂CI₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂,—OCH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₃), —NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, and —NHCH(CH₃)₂. Ina still further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-2 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F,—(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃,—CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃,—(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂,—(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₃,—NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, —NHCH(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and —N(CH₃)CH₂CH₃. In ayet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-2 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CI₃,—OCH₃, —NHCH₃, and —N(CH₃)₂.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstituted with a group selectedfrom halo, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl,3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br,—CH₂I, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂I, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F,—(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂I, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃,—CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CHI₂, —CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃,—CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —CH₂CHI₂, —CH₂CI₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃,—(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —(CH₂)₂CHI₂,—(CH₂)₂CI₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —OCH(CH₃)₂, —OCH(CH₂CH₃)(CH₃),—NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, and —NHCH(CH₃)₂. In a still furtheraspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstituted with a group selected from —F,—Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂F,—CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂,—CH₂CCl₃, —CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂,—(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₂CH₃,—OCH(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃, —NHCH(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)₂, and—N(CH₃)CH₂CH₃. In a yet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstitutedwith a group selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —OCH₃,—NHCH₃, and —N(CH₃)₂.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstituted with a group selectedfrom —F, —Cl, and —Br. In a still further aspect, Ar¹ is phenylmonosubstituted with a group selected from methyl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl,—CH₂Br, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CHBr₂, and —CBr₃. In a stillfurther aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstituted with a group selected from—OCH₃, —NHCH₃, and —N(CH₃)₂. In an even further aspect, Ar¹ is phenylmonosubstituted with a group selected from methyl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CHCl₂, and —CCl₃. In a still further aspect, Ar¹ is phenylmonosubstituted with a group selected from methyl, —CH₂F, —CHF₂, and—CF₃.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from —F, —Cl, and —Br. In a still further aspect,Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-3 groups independently selected from—F, —Cl, and —Br. In a yet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substitutedwith 1-2 groups independently selected from —F, —Cl, and —Br.

In a further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 —F groups. In astill further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-3 —F groups. In ayet further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 1-2 —F groups. In aneven further aspect, Ar¹ is phenyl monosubstituted with a —F group.

b. R¹ Groups

In one aspect, R¹ is halogen, NR⁸Ar¹, or R¹ and R² are covalently bondedand, together with the intermediate carbons, comprise an optionallysubstituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring.In a further aspect, R¹ is NR⁸Ar¹, or R¹ and R² are covalently bondedand, together with the intermediate carbons, comprise an optionallysubstituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring.

In a further aspect, R¹ is NR⁸Ar¹.

In a further aspect, R¹ is halogen. In a still further aspect, R¹ isselected from —F, —Cl, and —Br. In a yet further aspect, R¹ is selectedfrom —F and —Cl. In an even further aspect, R¹ is selected from —F and—Br. In a still further aspect, R¹ is selected from —Cl and —Br. In ayet further aspect, R¹ is —F. In an even further aspect, R¹ is —Cl. In astill further aspect, R¹ is —Br.

In a further aspect, R¹ and R² are covalently bonded and, together withthe intermediate carbons, comprise an optionally substituted fusedfive-membered or six-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring.

In a further aspect, the heterocyclic ring is a five-membered ring. In afurther aspect, the heterocyclic ring is a six-membered ring. In afurther aspect, the heterocyclic ring is a C2-C4 ring. In a furtheraspect, the heterocyclic ring is a C3-05 ring. In a further aspect, theheterocyclic ring is a C3-C4 ring. In a further aspect, the heterocyclicring is an optionally substituted pyrazole ring. In a further aspect,the heterocyclic ring is an optionally substituted pyrrole ring.

In a further aspect, the heterocyclic ring is an optionally substitutedring selected from a triazoline ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring,imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, triazole ring, isoxazole ring, oxazolering, and thiophene ring. In a still further aspect, the heterocyclicring is an optionally substituted pyrrazole ring. In a yet furtheraspect, the heterocyclic ring is an optionally substituted pyrrole ring.

In a further aspect, R¹ and R² are covalently bonded and, together withthe intermediate carbons, comprise a ring with structure represented bythe formula:

R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and R¹⁵ is selected fromhydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R¹ and R² are covalently bonded and, together withthe intermediate carbons, comprise a ring with structure represented bythe formula:

and R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R¹ and R² are covalently bonded and, together withthe intermediate carbons, comprise a ring with structure represented bythe formula:

and R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl.

In a further aspect,

c. R² Groups

In one aspect, R² is hydrogen, or R¹ and R² are covalently bonded and,together with the intermediate carbons, comprise an optionallysubstituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring.In a further aspect, R² is hydrogen.

d. R³ Groups

In one aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R³ is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

wherein each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, halogen,cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6polyhaloalkyl.

e. R⁴ Groups

In one aspect, each R⁴ group (i.e., any of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), andR^(4d)) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(4a) ishydrogen. In a further aspect, R^(4a) is halogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R^(4b) is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R^(4b) ishalogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(4c) is hydrogen. In afurther aspect, R^(4c) is halogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect,R^(4d) is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R^(4d) is halogen or C1-C6alkyl.

In a further aspect, R^(4a), R^(4c), and R^(4d) are hydrogen. In a stillfurther aspect, R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d) are hydrogen. In ayet further aspect, R^(4a) and R^(4b) are hydrogen. In a still furtheraspect, R^(4a) and R^(4c) are hydrogen. In an even further aspect,R^(4a) and R^(4d) are hydrogen.

In a still further aspect, R^(4a), R^(4b), and R^(4d) are hydrogen. In ayet further aspect, R^(4a), R^(4c), and R^(4d) are hydrogen. In an evenfurther aspect, R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d) are hydrogen.

In a further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, each of R^(4a),R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present is independently selected fromhydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, each ofR^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present is independentlyselected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl.In an even further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d),when present is independently selected from hydrogen, —F, and methyl.

In a further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d),when present is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In ayet further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl,and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b),R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present is independently selected from hydrogenand methyl.

In a further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl,tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a stillfurther aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when presentis independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet furtheraspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present isindependently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In aneven further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is methyl.

In a further aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), whenpresent is independently selected from hydrogen and halogen. In a stillfurther aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when presentis independently selected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, and —Br. In a yetfurther aspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when presentis independently selected from hydrogen, —F, and —Cl. In an even furtheraspect, each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present isindependently selected from hydrogen and —F. In a still further aspect,each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d), when present isindependently selected from hydrogen and —Cl.

f. R⁵ Groups

In one aspect, R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R⁵ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R⁵ is C1-C6 alkyl,for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R⁵ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R⁵ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R⁵ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even furtheraspect, R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, R⁵ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, R⁵ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yetfurther aspect, R⁵ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R⁵ is methyl.

g. R⁶ Groups

In one aspect, R⁶ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R⁶ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R⁶ is C1-C6 alkyl,for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R⁶ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R⁶ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R⁶ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even furtheraspect, R⁶ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yetfurther aspect, R⁶ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R⁶ is methyl.

h. R⁷ Groups

In one aspect, each R⁷ group (i.e., either of R^(7a) and R^(7b)) isindependently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl, forexample, C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen. In afurther aspect, R^(7a) is C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(7b) ishydrogen. In a further aspect, R^(7b) is C1-C6 alkyl. In a furtheraspect, R⁶, R^(7a), and R^(7b) are all hydrogen.

In a further aspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl,3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still furtheraspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) is independently from hydrogen,methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, ten-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, andtert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) isindependently from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In aneven further aspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) is independently fromhydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) is independently frommethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, each of R^(7a) andR^(7a) is independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet furtheraspect, each of R^(7a) and R^(7a) is independently from methyl, ethyl,propyl, and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, each of R^(7a) andR^(7a) is methyl.

In a further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, ten-pentyl,3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still furtheraspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, andtert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) isselected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an evenfurther aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from hydrogenand methyl.

In a further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected frommethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogenand R^(7a) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet furtheraspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from methyl, ethyl,propyl, and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, R^(7a) is hydrogen andR^(7a) is methyl.

In a further aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, ten-pentyl,3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still furtheraspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, andtert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) isselected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an evenfurther aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from hydrogenand methyl.

In a further aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected frommethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogenand R^(7a) is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet furtheraspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen and R^(7a) is selected from methyl, ethyl,propyl, and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, R^(7b) is hydrogen andR^(7a) is methyl.

i. R⁸ Groups

In one aspect, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R⁸ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R⁸ is C1-C6 alkyl,for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R⁸ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R⁸ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even furtheraspect, R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, R⁸ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, R⁸ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yetfurther aspect, R⁸ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R⁸ is methyl.

j. R⁹ Groups

In one aspect, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R⁹ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R⁹ is C1-C6 alkyl,for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R⁹ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R⁹ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even furtheraspect, R⁹ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, R⁹ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, R⁹ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yetfurther aspect, R⁹ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R⁹ is methyl.

k. R¹⁰ Groups

In one aspect, R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R¹⁰ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R¹⁰ is C1-C6alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl,isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a still further aspect, R¹⁰ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yet further aspect, R¹⁰ is selected fromhydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even furtheraspect, R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and methyl.

In a further aspect, R¹⁰ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl.In a still further aspect, R¹⁰ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl. In a yetfurther aspect, R¹⁰ is selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, andisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R¹⁰ is methyl.

l. R¹¹ Groups

In one aspect, each R¹¹ group (i.e., either of R^(11a) and R^(11b)) isindependently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl, forexample, C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(11a) is hydrogen. In afurther aspect, R¹¹ is C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(11b) ishydrogen. In a further aspect, both R^(11a) and R^(11b) are hydrogen.

m. R^(12A) Groups

In one aspect, R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(12a) ishydrogen. In a further aspect, R^(12a) is C1-C6 alkyl.

In a further aspect, all of R^(11a), R^(11b), and R^(12a) are hydrogen.

n. R^(12B) Groups

In one aspect, R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a group having astructure represented by a formula:

In a further respect, R^(12b) is hydroxyl. In a still further aspect,R^(12b) is a group having a structure represented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is a group having a structure representedby a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is a group having a structure representedby a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is selected from a group having a structurerepresented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is selected from a group having a structurerepresented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is selected from a group having a structurerepresented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is selected from a group having a structurerepresented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R^(12b) is selected from a group having a structurerepresented by a formula:

In a further aspect, all of R^(11a), R^(11b), and R^(12b) are hydrogen,and R^(12b) is hydroxyl.

In a further aspect, all of R^(11a), R^(11b), and R^(12b) are hydrogen,and R^(12b) is a group having a structure represented by a formula:

In a further aspect, all of R^(11a), R^(11b), and R^(12b) are hydrogen,and R^(12b) is a group having a structure represented by a formula:

In a further aspect, all of R^(11a), R^(11b), and R^(12b) are hydrogen,and R^(12b) is a group having a structure represented by a formula:

o. R¹³ Groups

In one aspect, R¹³ is a five-membered or six-membered C3-C6 heterocyclesubstituted with 0-3 groups selected from halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl,C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl. In afurther aspect, R¹³ is a five-membered heterocycle. In a further aspect,R¹³ is a six-membered heterocycle. In a further aspect, R¹³ is a C4heterocycle. In a further aspect, R¹³ is a C5 heterocycle. In a furtheraspect, R¹³ is unsubstituted. In a further aspect, R¹³ ismonosubstituted. In a further aspect, R¹³ is disubstituted.

In a further aspect, R¹³ is substituted with 1-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R¹³ is substituted with 1-2groups selected from halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R¹³ issubstituted with 1-3 groups selected from C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl.

In a further aspect, R¹³ is selected from 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl,piperazin-1-yl, morpholinyl, piperidin-1-yl, 1,3-oxazinan-3-yl,1,3,5-dioxazinan-5-yl, 1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl,tetrahydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl, and thiomorpholinyl. In a further aspect,R¹³ is selected from 3-methylimidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl,oxazolidin-3-yl, and thiazolidin-3-yl.

p. R¹⁴ Groups

In one aspect, R¹⁴ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R¹⁴ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R¹⁴ is selectedfrom hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

q. R¹⁵ Groups

In one aspect, wherein R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R¹⁵ is hydrogenor C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In a further aspect, R¹⁵ ishydrogen. In a further aspect, R¹⁵ is C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4alkyl. In a further aspect, R¹⁵ is C1-C6 haloalkyl or C1-C6polyhaloalkyl. In a further aspect, R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, and C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl.

r. R¹⁶ Groups

In one aspect, R¹⁶ is hydrogen, a protecting group, or a group having astructure represented by a formula:

In a further aspect, R¹⁶ is hydrogen. In a further aspect, R¹⁶ is aprotecting group, for example, an amine protecting group. In a furtheraspect, R¹⁶ is a group having a structure represented by a formula:

s. R¹⁷ Groups

In one aspect, each R¹⁷ group (i.e., R^(17a) and R^(17b)) isindependently selected from hydrogen, and C1-C6 alkyl; or R^(17a) andR^(17b) are covalently bonded and, together with the intermediate atoms,comprise an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring. In a furtheraspect, R^(17a) is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(17a)is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In a furtheraspect, R^(17b) is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect, R^(17b)is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In a furtheraspect, R^(17a) and R^(17b) are both hydrogen. In a further aspect,R^(17a) and R^(17b) are both C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, R^(17a) and R^(17b) are covalently bonded and,together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionally substitutedheterocyclic ring. In a further aspect, R^(17a) and R^(17b) arecovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate boron, compriseboronic acid pinacol ester, boronic acid trimethylene glycol ester, or9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN).

t. R¹⁸ Groups

In one aspect, each R¹⁸ group (i.e., R^(18a), R^(18b), and R^(18c)) isindependently selected from C1-C6 alkyl, for example, C1-C4 alkyl. In afurther aspect, R^(18a), R^(18b), and R^(18e) are all butyl.

In a further aspect, each R¹⁸ group (i.e., R^(18a), R^(18b), andR^(18c)) is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl,sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, and2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl. In a yet further aspect, each R¹⁸ group (i.e.,R^(18a), R^(18b), and R^(18c)) is independently selected from methyl,ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, andtert-butyl. In a still further aspect, each R¹⁸ group (i.e., R^(18a),R^(18b), and R^(18c)) is independently selected from methyl, ethyl,propyl, and isopropyl.

u. R³¹ Groups

In one aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen,halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that at least one occurrence is hydrogen.In a further aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is hydrogen.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen,halogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, provided that no more than three occurrences is nothydrogen.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen,halogen, cyano, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl,isobutyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, sec-pentyl, tert-pentyl,3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br,—CH₂I, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂Br, —CH₂CH₂I, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F,—(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Br, —(CH₂)₂CH₂I, —CHF₂, —CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃,—CHBr₂, —CBr₃, —CHI₂, —CI₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃,—CH₂CHBr₂, —CH₂CBr₃, —CH₂CHI₂, —CH₂CI₃, —(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃,—(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, —(CH₂)₂CCl₃, —(CH₂)₂CHBr₂, —(CH₂)₂CBr₃, —(CH₂)₂CHI₂, and—(CH₂)₂CI₃. In a still further aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ isselected from hydrogen, —F, —Cl, —Br, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl,—CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂CH₂F, —CH₂CH₂Cl, —(CH₂)₂CH₂F, —(CH₂)₂CH₂Cl, —CHF₂,—CF₃, —CHCl₂, —CCl₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHCl₂, —CH₂CCl₃,—(CH₂)₂CHF₂, —(CH₂)₂CF₃, —(CH₂)₂CHCl₂, and —(CH₂)₂CCl₃. In a yet furtheraspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogen, —F, methyl,—CH₂F, —CHF₂, and —CF₃.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected from hydrogenand halogen. In a still further, each occurrence of R³¹ is selected fromhydrogen, —F, and —Cl. In a yet further, each occurrence of R³¹ isselected from hydrogen and —F.

For example, it is understood that a structure of a compound can berepresented by a formula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

That is, R³¹ is understood to represent eight independent substituents,R^(31a), R^(31b), R^(31c), R^(31d), R^(31e), R^(31f), R^(31g), andR^(31h). By “independent substituents,” it is meant that each Rsubstituent can be independently defined. For example, if in oneinstance R^(31a) is halogen, then R^(31b) is not necessarily halogen inthat instance.

In another example, it is understood that a structure of a compound canbe represented by a formula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

That is, R³¹ is understood to represent eight independent substituents,R^(31a), R^(31b), R^(31c), R^(31d), R^(31e), R^(31f), R^(31g), andR^(31h).

In a still further example, it is understood that a structure of acompound can be represented by a formula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

That is, R³¹ is understood to represent eight independent substituents,R^(31a), R^(31b), R^(31c), R^(31d), R^(31e), and R^(31f).

In a yet further example, it is understood that a structure of acompound can be represented by a formula:

which is understood to be equivalent to a formula:

That is, R³¹ is understood to represent eight independent substituents,R^(31a), R^(31b), R^(31c), R^(31d), R^(31e), and R^(31f).

v. R⁹⁰ Groups

In one aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independentlyselected from hydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl. In a further aspect,each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is hydrogen. In a still furtheraspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is phenyl. In a yetfurther aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is methyl. In aneven further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is ethyl. Ina still further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is propyl.In a yet further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isisopropyl. In an even further aspect, R⁹⁰, when present, is butyl.

In various further aspects, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isindependently selected from hydrogen and C1-C8 alkyl. In a still furtheraspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,tert-butyl, and sec-butyl. In a yet further aspect, each occurrence ofR⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl,ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, each occurrenceof R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected from hydrogen, methyl,and ethyl.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isindependently selected from phenyl and C1-C8 alkyl. In a still furtheraspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selectedfrom phenyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,tert-butyl, and sec-butyl. In a yet further aspect, each occurrence ofR⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected from phenyl, methyl, ethyl,propyl, and isopropyl. In an even further aspect, each occurrence ofR⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected from phenyl, methyl, andethyl.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isindependently selected from hydrogen, phenyl, and C1-C6 alkyl. In astill further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isindependently selected from hydrogen, phenyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and sec-butyl. In a yet furtheraspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, phenyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl. In an evenfurther aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independentlyselected from hydrogen, phenyl, methyl, and ethyl.

In a further aspect, each occurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, isindependently selected from hydrogen and phenyl.

w. X¹ Groups

In one aspect, X¹ is halide or pseudohalide. In a further aspect, X¹ ishalogen, for example, fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In a furtheraspect, X¹ is chloro, bromo, or iodo. In a further aspect, X¹ is bromoor iodo. In a further aspect, X¹ is chloro. In one aspect, X¹ ispseudohalide, for example, triflate, mesylate, tosylate, or brosylate.In a further aspect, X¹ is a group capable of undergoing atransition-metal mediated coupling reaction.

x. X² Groups

In one aspect, X² is halide, pseudohalide, hydrogen, C1-C6 alkyl, or agroup having a structure represented by the formula:

In a further aspect, X² is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. In a further aspect,X² is hydrogen. In a further aspect, X² is C1-C6 alkyl, for example,C1-C4 alkyl.

In a further aspect, X² is halide or pseudohalide. In a further aspect,X² is halogen, for example, fluroro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. In afurther aspect, X² is chloro, bromo, or iodo. In a further aspect, X² isbromo or iodo. In a further aspect, X² is chloro. In one aspect, X² ispseudohalide, for example, triflate, mesylate, tosylate, or brosylate.In a further aspect, X² is a group capable of undergoing atransition-metal mediated coupling reaction.

In a further aspect, X² is a group having a structure represented by theformula:

In a further aspect, both X¹ and X² are halide. In a further aspect,both X¹ and X² are chloro.

y. M Groups

In one aspect, M is a group capable of undergoing a transition-metalmediated coupling reaction. In a further aspect, M is selected from:

wherein each of R^(17a) and R^(17b) is independently selected fromhydrogen, and C1-C6 alkyl; or R^(17a) and R^(17b) are covalently bondedand, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionallysubstituted heterocyclic ring; and wherein each of R^(18a), R^(18b), andR^(18c) is independently C1-C6 alkyl.

In a further aspect, M is a group having a structure

wherein each of R^(17a) and R^(17b) is independently selected fromhydrogen, and C1-C6 alkyl; or R^(17a) and R^(17b) are covalently bondedand, together with the intermediate atoms, comprise an optionallysubstituted heterocyclic ring.

In a further aspect, M is a group having a structure:

wherein each of R^(18a), R^(18b), and R^(18c) is independently C1-C6alkyl.

2. Example Compounds

In one aspect, a compound can be present as:

In one aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

In a further aspect, a compound can be present as:

It is contemplated that one or more compounds can optionally be omittedfrom the disclosed invention.

3. Inhibition of Protein Kinase Activity

As discussed herein, BTK is a key regulator of B-cell development,activation, signaling and survival (e.g. see Kurosaki, T. Curr. Opin.Immunol. (2000) 12:276-281; and Schaeffer, E. M. and P. L. Schwartzberg.Curr. Opin. Immunol. (2000) 12:282-288). Moreover, B cell receptorsignaling is also implicated in the survival of malignant B-cells andacts as a crucial regulator of cellular differentiation, activation,proliferation, and survival (R. W. Hendriks, Nat. Chem. Biol. (2011)7:4-5). In addition, given the overall role of BTK in B-cell function,it is an important target for therapeutic intervention targetinginflammatory diseases involving B-cell activation, e.g. rheumatoidarthritis. Aspects of the B-cell signaling pathway are shown in FIG. 1.

As shown schematically in FIG. 2, in certain aspects, targeting BTK hasbiological advantages for therapeutic intervention in myelomas. Forexample, without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, growthfactors can induce BTK-dependent growth and migration of myeloma cellsin the bone marrow. In addition, osteoclasts play a role in thedevelopment of myelomic diseases and BTK is expressed in osteoclasts.Thus, without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, compounds thatcan inhibit the activity of BTK can directly act on myeloma cells andactivated osteoclasts in the bone marrow to provide a dual approach totherapeutic intervention in this disease.

Generally, the disclosed compounds exhibit modulation of the BCRsignaling pathway. In a further aspect, the compound exhibits inhibitionof a protein kinase.

In a further aspect, the protein kinase is a member of the Tec family oftyrosine protein kinases.

In a further aspect, the protein kinase is selected fromtyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK, tyrosine-protein kinase BTK,cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein kinase BMX, receptor tyrosine-proteinkinase erbB-4, tyrosine-protein kinase Tec, and epidermal growth factorreceptor (receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1). In a further aspect,the protein kinase is selected from tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK,tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, and cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein kinaseBMX. In a further aspect, the protein kinase is tyrosine-protein kinaseBTK.

In one aspect, the inhibition is with an IC₅₀ of less than about1.0×10⁻⁴ M. In a further aspect, the inhibition is with an IC₅₀ of lessthan about 1.0×10⁻⁵ M. In a further aspect, the inhibition is with anIC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁶M. In a further aspect, the inhibitionis with an IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁷ M. In a further aspect, theinhibition is with an IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁸ M. In a furtheraspect, the inhibition is with an IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁹ M.

C. Methods of Making the Compounds

In one aspect, the invention relates to methods of making compoundsuseful as inhibitors of protein kinase, which can be useful in thetreatment of disorders of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In afurther aspect, the protein kinase is BTK.

The compounds of this invention can be prepared by employing reactionsas shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standardmanipulations that are known in the literature, exemplified in theexperimental sections or clear to one skilled in the art. For clarity,examples having a single substituent are shown where multiplesubstituents are allowed under the definitions disclosed herein.

Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are preparedby employing reactions as shown in the following Reaction Schemes, inaddition to other standard manipulations known in the literature or toone skilled in the art. The following examples are provided so that theinvention might be more fully understood, are illustrative only, andshould not be construed as limiting.

In one aspect, the disclosed compounds comprise the products of thesynthetic methods described herein. In a further aspect, the disclosedcompounds comprise a compound produced by a synthetic method describedherein. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises apharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof the product of the disclosed methods and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. In a still further aspect, the invention comprises amethod for manufacturing a medicament comprising combining at least onecompound of any of disclosed compounds or at least one product of thedisclosed methods with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

1. Route I

In one aspect, substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideanalogs can be prepared as shown below.

Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted incompound descriptions elsewhere herein. More specific examples are setforth below.

As an example,N-(3-(2-((4-(3-fluoro-5-hydroxy-4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-5-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamidecan be prepared according to Route I. Beginning with2,4-dichloro-N-(3-fluorophenyl)pyrimidin-5-amine, a palladium catalyzedcoupling reaction with (3-acrylamidophenyl)boronic acid providesN-(3-(2-chloro-5-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideunder mild conditions. Reaction of this product with4-(4-aminophenyl)-6-fluoro-1-methylpiperazin-2-ol under palladiumcatalyzed aminolysis conditions can yield the desired product.

2. Route II

In one aspect, substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideanalogs can be prepared as shown below.

Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted incompound descriptions elsewhere herein. More specific examples are setforth below.

As an example,N-(3-(6-((3-fluoro-4-morpholinophenyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamidecan be prepared according to Route II. Beginning with4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, protection can beaccomplished by reaction with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran in the presence ofp-TsOH in a suitable solvent such as a solution of THF and methylenechloride. The reaction is carried out for a suitable period of time,e.g. about 8-18 hr, at a suitable temperature, e.g. about 15-30° C.,until the reaction is complete. The completeness of the reaction can beascertained by several convenient methods, including monitoring thereaction by TLC. The resulting4,6-dichloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidinecan then be coupled with (3-acrylamidophenyl)boronic acid underpalladium catalyzed conditions to provideN-(3-(6-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide.

N-(3-(6-Chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamidecan then be reacted with 5-amino-3-fluoro-2-morpholinophenol underpalladium catalyzed aminolysis conditions to yieldN-(3-(6-((3-fluoro-5-hydroxy-4-morpholinophenyl)amino)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide,which can be deprotected under mild acidic conditions to provideN-(3-(6-((3-fluoro-5-hydroxy-4-morpholinophenyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide.

3. Route III

In one aspect, substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideanalogs can be prepared as shown below.

In various aspects, substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideanalogs can be prepared as shown below.

In various aspects, substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamideanalogs can be prepared as shown below.

Compounds are represented in generic form, with substituents as noted incompound descriptions elsewhere herein. More specific examples are setforth below.

The phosphate compound of type (3.8) can be prepared as described in thereaction herein above. For example, beginning with a suitabletrihalopyrimidine of type (3.1), a palladium catalyzed coupling reactionwith a compound of type (3.2) under mild conditions is carried toprovide a compound of type (3.3). Reaction of this product with acompound of type (3.4) under palladium catalyzed aminolysis conditionscan yield the desired product, a compound of type (3.5). The hydroxylmoiety of the morpholinophenyl group is modified with a suitable alkylphosphorohalidate, e.g. a compound of type (3.6) such as diisopropylphosphorochloridate, under suitable reaction conditions as indicated inthe reaction scheme, although variations are possible and can berequired depending upon the specific reactants involved. Such variationsof reaction conditions are within the skill of one skilled in the art.The reaction provides a compound of type (3.7). Such compounds can bedealkylated as appropriate, and dealkylation can be accomplished usingreaction conditions such as those described in the reaction scheme,although variations are possible and can be required depending upon thespecific reactants involved. Such variations of reaction conditions arewithin the skill of one skilled in the art.

Alternatively, compounds of type (3.14) can be prepared as shown in thereaction scheme herein above. The initial steps from a compound of type(3.10) to a compound of type (3.13) are similar to those previouslydescribed herein. A phosphate group can be introduced at the hydroxylmoiety of the morpholinophenyl group as shown above using phosphorylchloride as an alternative to a dialkyl phosphorohalidate as describedpreviously. Appropriate reaction conditions are as shown, althoughvariations are possible and can be required depending upon the specificreactants involved. Such variations of reaction conditions are withinthe skill of one skilled in the art.

In a further aspect, the compound produced exhibits inhibition of theBCR signaling pathway. In a still further aspect, the compound producedexhibits inhibition of cell viability.

In a further aspect, the compound produced exhibits inhibition of aprotein kinase. In a still further aspect, the protein kinase is amember of the Tec family of tyrosine protein kinases. In yet furtheraspect, the protein kinase is selected from tyrosine-protein kinaseITK/TSK, tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, cytoplasmic tyrosine-proteinkinase BMX, receptor tyrosine-protein kinase erbB-4, tyrosine-proteinkinase Tec, and epidermal growth factor receptor (receptortyrosine-protein kinase erbB-1). In an even further aspect, the proteinkinase is selected from tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK,tyrosine-protein kinase BTK, and cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein kinaseBMX. In a still further aspect, the protein kinase is tyrosine-proteinkinase BTK.

In a further aspect, the compound produced exhibits inhibition with anIC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁴ M. In a still further aspect, thecompound produced exhibits inhibition with an IC₅₀ of less than about1.0×10⁻⁵ M. In a yet further aspect, the compound produced exhibitsinhibition with an IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁶ M. In an evenfurther aspect, the compound produced exhibits inhibition with an IC₅₀of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁷ M. In a still further aspect, the compoundproduced exhibits inhibition with an IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁸ M.In a yet further aspect, the compound produced exhibits inhibition withan IC₅₀ of less than about 1.0×10⁻⁹ M.

It is contemplated that each disclosed methods can further compriseadditional steps, manipulations, and/or components. It is alsocontemplated that any one or more step, manipulation, and/or componentcan be optionally omitted from the invention. It is understood that adisclosed methods can be used to provide the disclosed compounds. It isalso understood that the products of the disclosed methods can beemployed in the disclosed methods of using.

D. Pharmaceutical Compositions

In one aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising the disclosed compounds. That is, a pharmaceuticalcomposition can be provided comprising a therapeutically effectiveamount of at least one disclosed compound or at least one product of adisclosed method and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further aspect, a pharmaceutical composition can comprise apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an effective amount of acompound represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In certain aspects, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprisethe disclosed compounds (including pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)thereof) as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,and, optionally, other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The instantcompositions include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, andparenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous)administration, although the most suitable route in any given case willdepend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditionsfor which the active ingredient is being administered. Thepharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unit dosageform and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art ofpharmacy.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers tosalts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases oracids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, itscorresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceuticallyacceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases.Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium,calcium, copper (-ic and -ous), ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium,manganese (-ic and -ous), potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts.Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassiumand sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organicnon-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiaryamines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such asnaturally occurring and synthesized substituted amines. Otherpharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts canbe formed include ion exchange resins such as, for example, arginine,betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine,2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine,ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine,glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine,methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins,procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine,tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids”,includes inorganic acids, organic acids, and salts prepared therefrom,for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric,ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric,isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic,nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric,p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Preferred are citric, hydrobromic,hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, and tartaric acids.

In practice, the compounds of the invention, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, of this invention can be combined as theactive ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrieraccording to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. Thecarrier can take a wide variety of forms depending on the form ofpreparation desired for administration, e.g., oral or parenteral(including intravenous). Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oraladministration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing apredetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositionscan be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as asuspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as anoil-in-water emulsion or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In additionto the common dosage forms set out above, the compounds of theinvention, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) thereof, can alsobe administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. Thecompositions can be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy. Ingeneral, such methods include a step of bringing into association theactive ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or morenecessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared byuniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquidcarriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can thenbe conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.

Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can include apharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt of the compounds of the invention. The compounds of theinvention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, can also beincluded in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or moreother therapeutically active compounds.

The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid,liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba,sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, andstearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil,olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbondioxide and nitrogen.

In preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenientpharmaceutical media can be employed. For example, water, glycols, oils,alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the likecan be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions,elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars,microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants,binders, disintegrating agents, and the like can be used to form oralsolid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because oftheir ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferredoral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.Optionally, tablets can be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueoustechniques

A tablet containing the composition of this invention can be prepared bycompression or molding, optionally with one or more accessoryingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets can be prepared bycompressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in afree-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with abinder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent.Molded tablets can be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixtureof the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise acompound of the invention (or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof)as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, andoptionally one or more additional therapeutic agents or adjuvants. Theinstant compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal,topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, andintravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in anygiven case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severityof the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.The pharmaceutical compositions can be conveniently presented in unitdosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art ofpharmacy.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable forparenteral administration can be prepared as solutions or suspensions ofthe active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be includedsuch as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also beprepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereofin oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent thedetrimental growth of microorganisms.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable forinjectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions.Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders forthe extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions ordispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile andmust be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceuticalcompositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture andstorage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminatingaction of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can bea solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol,polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethyleneglycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a formsuitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream,ointment, lotion, dusting powder, mouth washes, gargles, and the like.Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use intransdermal devices. These formulations can be prepared, utilizing acompound of the invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointmentis prepared by mixing hydrophilic material and water, together withabout 5 wt % to about 10 wt % of the compound, to produce a cream orointment having a desired consistency.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitablefor rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It ispreferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitablecarriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in theart. The suppositories can be conveniently formed by first admixing thecomposition with the softened or melted carriers) followed by chillingand shaping in molds.

In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, thepharmaceutical formulations described above can include, as appropriate,one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers,flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners,lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulationisotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositionscontaining a compound of the invention, and/or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, can also be prepared in powder or liquidconcentrate form.

In the treatment conditions which require negative allosteric modulationof metabotropic glutamate receptor activity an appropriate dosage levelwill generally be about 0.01 to 500 mg per kg patient body weight perday and can be administered in single or multiple doses. Preferably, thedosage level will be about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day; morepreferably 0.5 to 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level can beabout 0.01 to 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg per day, orabout 0.1 to 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage can be 0.05to 0.5, 0.5 to 5.0 or 5.0 to 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration,the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tabletscontaining 1.0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500,600, 750, 800, 900 and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for thesymptomatic adjustment of the dosage of the patient to be treated. Thecompound can be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day,preferably once or twice per day. This dosing regimen can be adjusted toprovide the optimal therapeutic response.

It is understood, however, that the specific dose level for anyparticular patient will depend upon a variety of factors. Such factorsinclude the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of thepatient. Other factors include the time and route of administration,rate of excretion, drug combination, and the type and severity of theparticular disease undergoing therapy.

The present invention is further directed to a method for themanufacture of a medicament for modulating glutamate receptor activity(e.g., treatment of one or more neurological and/or psychiatric disorderassociated with glutamate dysfunction) in mammals (e.g., humans)comprising combining one or more disclosed compounds, products, orcompositions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for manufacturinga medicament comprising combining at least one disclosed compound or atleast one disclosed product with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrieror diluent.

The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can further comprise othertherapeutically active compounds, which are usually applied in thetreatment of the above mentioned pathological conditions.

It is understood that the disclosed compositions can be prepared fromthe disclosed compounds. It is also understood that the disclosedcompositions can be employed in the disclosed methods of using.

E. Methods of Using the Compounds and Compositions

The disclosed compounds can be used as single agents or in combinationwith one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control,amelioration or reduction of risk of the aforementioned diseases,disorders and conditions for which compounds of formula I or the otherdrugs have utility, where the combination of drugs together are safer ormore effective than either drug alone. The other drug(s) can beadministered by a route and in an amount commonly used therefore,contemporaneously or sequentially with a disclosed compound. When adisclosed compound is used contemporaneously with one or more otherdrugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing suchdrugs and the disclosed compound is preferred. However, the combinationtherapy can also be administered on overlapping schedules. It is alsoenvisioned that the combination of one or more active ingredients and adisclosed compound will be more efficacious than either as a singleagent.

The pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention canfurther comprise other therapeutically active compounds as noted hereinwhich are usually applied in the treatment of the above mentionedpathological conditions.

1. Treatment Methods

The compounds disclosed herein are useful for treating, preventing,ameliorating, controlling or reducing the risk of a variety of disordersof uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In one aspect, the disorder ofuncontrolled cellular proliferation is associated with a protein kinasedysfunction. In a further aspect, the protein kinase dysfunction isdysregulation of the BTK.

Examples of disorders associated with such a dysfunction include cancerssuch as leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. In one aspect, thecancer can be a cancer selected from cancers of the blood, brain,genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, colon, rectum, breast,kidney, lymphatic system, stomach, lung, pancreas, and skin. In afurther aspect, the cancer is selected from prostate cancer,glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and coloncancer.

A. Treatment of a Disorder of Uncontrolled Cellular Proliferation

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of adisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation in a mammal, the methodcomprising the step of administering to the mammal an effective amountof least one compound having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound administered is a disclosed compoundor a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. In a stillfurther aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effectiveamount. In a yet still further aspect, the effective amount is aprophylactically effective amount.

In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In a yet further aspect, themethod further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need oftreatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In astill further aspect, the mammal has been diagnosed with a need fortreatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation prior tothe administering step.

In a further aspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferationis associated with a protein kinase dysfunction. In a still furtheraspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is a cancer.In a yet further aspect, the cancer is a leukemia. In an even furtheraspect, the cancer is a lymphoma. In a further aspect, the cancer isselected from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma,B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and large B-cell lymphoma. In a yet furtheraspect, the cancer is a solid tumor. In a still further aspect, thecancer is selected from cancers of the blood, brain, genitourinarytract, gastrointestinal tract, colon, rectum, breast, kidney, lymphaticsystem, stomach, lung, pancreas, and skin. In an even further aspect,the cancer is selected from prostate cancer, glioblastoma multiforme,endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer.

B. Treatment of a Disorder of Inflammation

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the treatment of aninflammatory disorder in a mammal, the method comprising the step ofadministering to the mammal an effective amount of least one compoundhaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound administered is a disclosed compoundor a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. In a stillfurther aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effectiveamount. In a yet still further aspect, the effective amount is aprophylactically effective amount.

In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In further aspect, themethod further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need oftreatment of a disorder of inflammation. In a still further aspect, themammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of an inflammationdisorder prior to the administering step.

In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder is associated with aprotein kinase dysfunction. In a further aspect, the inflammatorydisorder is an autoimmune disorder. In a further aspect, theinflammatory disorder is an arthritic disease. In a further aspect, thearthritic disease is selected from inflammatory arthritis,osteoarthritis, lymphocyte-independent arthritis, and rheumatoidarthritis.

C. Decreasing Kinase Activity

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for decreasing kinaseactivity in a mammal, the method comprising the step of administering tothe mammal an effective amount of at least one compound having astructure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound administered is a disclosed compoundor a product of a disclosed method of making a compound. In a stillfurther aspect, the effective amount is a therapeutically effectiveamount. In a yet still further aspect, the effective amount is aprophylactically effective amount.

In a further aspect, the mammal is a human. In a yet further aspect, themethod further comprises the step of identifying a mammal in need ofdecreasing kinase activity. In a still further aspect, the mammal hasbeen diagnosed with a need for decreasing kinase activity prior to theadministering step.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity isassociated with treatment of a disorder of uncontrolled cellularproliferation. In a still further aspect, the disorder of uncontrolledcellular proliferation is a cancer. In a yet further aspect, the canceris a leukemia. In an even further aspect, the cancer is a lymphoma. In ayet further aspect, the cancer is a solid tumor. In a still furtheraspect, the cancer is selected from cancers of the blood, brain,genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, colon, rectum, breast,kidney, lymphatic system, stomach, lung, pancreas, and skin. In an evenfurther aspect, the cancer is selected from prostate cancer,glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and coloncancer.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity isassociated with treatment of an inflammation disorder. In a furtheraspect, the inflammatory disorder is associated with a protein kinasedysfunction. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder is anautoimmune disorder. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder isan arthritic disease. In a further aspect, the arthritic disease isselected from inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis,lymphocyte-independent arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

D. Decreasing Kinase Activity in Cells

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for decreasing kinaseactivity in at least one cell, the method comprising the step ofcontacting the at least one cell with an effective amount of least onecompound having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound is a disclosed compound or a productof a disclosed method of making a compound. In a still further aspect,the effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. In a yetstill further aspect, the effective amount is a prophylacticallyeffective amount.

In a further aspect, the cell is mammalian. In a still further aspect,the cell is human. In a yet further aspect, contacting is viaadministration to a mammal. In a further aspect, the method furthercomprises the step of identifying the mammal as having a need ofdecreasing kinase activity in a cell. In a still further aspect, themammal has been diagnosed with a need for decreasing kinase activityprior to the administering step.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity in a cellis associated with a disorder of uncontrolled cellular. In a stillfurther aspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is acancer. In a yet further aspect, the cancer is a leukemia. In an evenfurther aspect, the cancer is a lymphoma. In a still further aspect, thecancer is a solid tumor. In a yet further aspect, the cancer is selectedfrom cancers of the blood, brain, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinaltract, colon, rectum, breast, kidney, lymphatic system, stomach, lung,pancreas, and skin. In an even further aspect, the cancer is selectedfrom prostate cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer,breast cancer, and colon cancer.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity in a cellis associated with treatment of an inflammation disorder. In a furtheraspect, the inflammatory disorder is associated with a protein kinasedysfunction. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder is anautoimmune disorder. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder isan arthritic disease. In a further aspect, the arthritic disease isselected from inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis,lymphocyte-independent arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

2. Manufacture of a Medicament

In one aspect, the invention relates to a method for the manufacture ofa medicament for inhibition of BTK in a mammal comprising combining atherapeutically effective amount of a disclosed compound or product of adisclosed method with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

3. Use of Compounds

In one aspect, the invention relates to the use of a compound having astructure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the compound is a disclosed compound or a productof a disclosed method of making a compound. In a further aspect, themammal is a human. In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinaseactivity is associated with treatment of a disorder of uncontrolledcellular proliferation. In a still further aspect, the disorder ofuncontrolled cellular proliferation is a cancer. In a yet furtheraspect, the cancer is a leukemia. In an even further aspect, the canceris a lymphoma. In a yet further aspect, the cancer is a solid tumor. Ina still further aspect, the cancer is selected from cancers of theblood, brain, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, colon,rectum, breast, kidney, lymphatic system, stomach, lung, pancreas, andskin. In an even further aspect, the cancer is selected from prostatecancer, glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, andcolon cancer.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity isassociated with treatment of an inflammation disorder. In a furtheraspect, the inflammatory disorder is associated with a protein kinasedysfunction. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder is anautoimmune disorder. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder isan arthritic disease. In a further aspect, the arthritic disease isselected from inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis,lymphocyte-independent arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

4. Kits

In one aspect, the invention relates to a kit comprising at least onecompound having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, and oneor more of:

-   -   (a) at least one agent known to increase kinase activity;    -   (b) at least one agent known to decrease kinase activity;    -   (c) at least one agent known to treat a disorder of uncontrolled        cellular proliferation; or    -   (d) instructions for treating a disorder associated with        uncontrolled cellular proliferation.

In a further aspect, the compound is a disclosed compound or a productof a disclosed method of making a compound. In a further aspect, themammal is a human.

In a further aspect, the disorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferationis associated with a kinase dysfunction. In a still further aspect, thedisorder of uncontrolled cellular proliferation is a cancer. In a yetfurther aspect, the cancer is a leukemia. In an even further aspect, thecancer is a lymphoma. In a yet further aspect, the cancer is a solidtumor. In a still further aspect, the cancer is selected from cancers ofthe blood, brain, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, colon,rectum, breast, kidney, lymphatic system, stomach, lung, pancreas, andskin. In an even further aspect, the cancer is selected from prostatecancer, glioblastoma multiforme, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, andcolon cancer.

In a further aspect, the need for decreasing kinase activity isassociated with treatment of an inflammation disorder. In a furtheraspect, the inflammatory disorder is associated with a protein kinasedysfunction. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder is anautoimmune disorder. In a further aspect, the inflammatory disorder isan arthritic disease. In a further aspect, the arthritic disease isselected from inflammatory arthritis, osteoarthritis,lymphocyte-independent arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

In a further aspect, the at least one compound or the at least oneproduct and the at least one agent are co-formulated. In a furtheraspect, the at least one compound or the at least one product and the atleast one agent are co-packaged.

In a further aspect, the at least one agent is a hormone therapy agent.In a still further aspect, the hormone therapy agent is selected fromone or more of the group consisting of leuprolide, tamoxifen,raloxifene, megestrol, fulvestrant, triptorelin, medroxyprogesterone,letrozole, anastrozole, exemestane, bicalutamide, goserelin, histrelin,fluoxymesterone, estramustine, flutamide, toremifene, degarelix,nilutamide, abarelix, and testolactone, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

In a further aspect, the at least one agent is a chemotherapeutic agent.In a still further aspect, the chemotherapeutic agent is selected fromone or more of the group consisting of an alkylating agent, anantimetabolite agent, an antineoplastic antibiotic agent, a mitoticinhibitor agent, a mTor inhibitor agent or other chemotherapeutic agent.In a yet further aspect, the antineoplastic antibiotic agent is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of doxorubicin, mitoxantrone,bleomycin, daunorubicin, dactinomycin, epirubicin, idarubicin,plicamycin, mitomycin, pentostatin, and valrubicin, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorphthereof. In an even further aspect, the antimetabolite agent is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil,capecitabine, hydroxyurea, mercaptopurine, pemetrexed, fludarabine,nelarabine, cladribine, clofarabine, cytarabine, decitabine,pralatrexate, floxuridine, methotrexate, and thioguanine, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorphthereof. In a still further aspect, the alkylating agent is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of carboplatin, cisplatin,cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine, busulfan,lomustine, dacarbazine, oxaliplatin, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine,temozolomide, thiotepa, bendamustine, and streptozocin, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorphthereof. In a yet further aspect, the mitotic inhibitor agent isselected from one or more of the group consisting of irinotecan,topotecan, rubitecan, cabazitaxel, docetaxel, paclitaxel, etopside,vincristine, ixabepilone, vinorelbine, vinblastine, and teniposide, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, or polymorphthereof. In an even further aspect, the mTor inhibitor agent is selectedfrom one or more of the group consisting of everolimus, siroliumus, andtemsirolimus, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate,or polymorph thereof.

5. Non-Medical Uses

Also provided are the uses of the disclosed compounds and products aspharmacological tools in the development and standardization of in vitroand in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of inhibitorsof BTK activity in laboratory animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits,monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agentsthat inhibit BTK.

F. Experimental

The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinaryskill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how thecompounds, compositions, articles, devices and/or methods claimed hereinare made and evaluated, and are intended to be purely exemplary of theinvention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventorsregard as their invention. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracywith respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but someerrors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicatedotherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C. or is atambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention areillustrated in the following Examples. Starting materials and therequisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or canbe prepared according to literature procedures or as illustrated herein.

The following exemplary compounds of the invention were synthesized. TheExamples are provided herein to illustrate the invention, and should notbe construed as limiting the invention in any way. The Examples aretypically depicted in free base form, according to the IUPAC namingconvention. However, some of the Examples were obtained or isolated insalt form.

As indicated, some of the Examples were obtained as racemic mixtures ofone or more enantiomers or diastereomers. The compounds may be separatedby one skilled in the art to isolate individual enantiomers. Separationcan be carried out by the coupling of a racemic mixture of compounds toan enantiomerically pure compound to form a diastereomeric mixture,followed by separation of the individual diastereomers by standardmethods, such as fractional crystallization or chromatography. A racemicor diastereomeric mixture of the compounds can also be separateddirectly by chromatographic methods using chiral stationary phases.

1. General Methods

All routine reagents and solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich andused as received. They were of reagent grade, purity≧99%. Specialtychemicals and building blocks obtained from several suppliers were ofthe highest offered purity (always ≧95%).

NMR spectroscopy was performed on a Mercury 400 MHz operating at 400MHz, equipped with a 5 mm broadband probe and using standard pulsesequences. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in parts-per-million (ppm)relative to the residual solvent signals. Coupling constants (J-values)are expressed in Hz.

Mass spectrometry was performed on a Waters Quattro-II triple quadrupolemass spectrometer. All samples were analyzed by positive ESI-MS and themass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the protonated molecular ion is reported.

Microwave-assisted reactions were performed on a Biotage Initiator 2.5at various powers.

Hydrogenation reactions were performed on a standard Parr hydrogenationapparatus.

Reactions were monitored by TLC on Baker flexible-backed plates coatedwith 200 μm of silica gel containing a fluorescent indicator.Preparative TLC was performed on 20 cm×20 cm Analtech Uniplates coatedwith a 1000 or 2000 μm silica gel layer containing a fluorescent (UV254) indicator. Elution mixtures are reported as v:v. Spot visualizationwas achieved using UV light.

Flash chromatography was performed on a Teledyne Isco CombiFlash® RF 200using appropriately sized Redisep Rf Gold® or Standard normal-phasesilica or reversed-phase C-18 columns. Crude compounds were adsorbed onsilica gel, 70-230 mesh 40 Å (for normal phase) or Celite 503 (forreversed-phase) and loaded into solid cartridges. Elution mixtures arereported as v:v.

2. Preparation of N-(3-(2,5-Dichloropyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)Acrylamide

5-bromo-2,4-dichloropyrimidine (200 mg, 1.090 mmol),(3-acrylamidophenyl)boronic acid (188 mg, 0.984 mmol) andtriphenylphosphine (12 mg, 0.046 mmol) were dissolved in a mixture oftoluene (10 mL) and potassium carbonate (165 mg, 1.194 mmol), afterwhich palladium(II) acetate (4.8 mg, 0.021 mmol) was added. The reactionmixture was allowed to stir overnight at 40° C. The reaction wasmonitored by TLC, and after completion of the reaction the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (EtOAc/Hexane 20%) to give the title compound. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.58 (s, 1H), 8.07 (s, 1H), 7.79 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz),7.56 (m, 1H), 7.39 9t, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.38 (m, 1H), 6.29-6.22 (m, 1H),5.70 (d, 1H, J=10.0 Hz). ESI-MS: m/z 294.0 [M+H]⁺.

3. Preparation of4,6-Dichloro-1-(Tetrahydro-2H-Pyran-2-Yl)-1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-D]Pyrimidine

pTsOH (30.2 mg, 0.159 mmol) was added to a solution of4,6-dichloro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (300 mg, 1.587 mmol) and3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (200 mg, 2.381 mmol) in a mixture oftetrahydrofuran (ratio: 1.000, volume: 5 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (ratio: 1.000,volume: 5 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at roomtemperature after which the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residuewas taken in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and poured into water (20 ml). The organicphase was separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (20mL), and the organic phases were combined. The combined organic phaseswere washed with water (40 mL), washed with brine (40 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄ and then concentrated. The resulting crude material was purifiedby flash chromatography (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH 99/1 increasing) to yield the titlecompound (397 mg, 1.454 mmol, 92% yield) as a pale white oil. ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 5.99 (dd, 1H, J=2.4 & 10.4 Hz), 4.12(m, 1H), 3.79 (m, 1H), 2.53 (m, 1H), 2.13 (m, 1H), 1.93 (m, 1H), 1.76(m, 2H), 1.64 (m, 1H). ESI-MS: 273.0 [M+H]⁺.

4. Preparation of 2-Morpholino-5-Nitrophenol

Morpholine (59.9 mg, 0.688 mmol) was added to a solution of2-bromo-5-nitrophenol (100 mg, 0.459 mmol) and triethylamine (0.070 ml,0.505 mmol) in NMP. The reaction mixture was heated via microwaveirradiation to 200° C. for 1 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC. Aftercompletion of the reaction and following cooling, the solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the resulting crude material was purified by flashcolumn chromatography (2% CH₃OH/CH₂Cl₂) to provide the title compound asa solid. 1H NMR: (CDCl3, 400 MHz): δ 7.82-7.79 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 1H),6.69 (bs, 1H), 3.89 (m, 4H), 2.95 (m, 4H). ESI-MS: 225.1 [M+H]⁺.

5. Preparation of 5-Amino-2-Morpholinophenol

10% Palladium on carbon (10 mg, 0.892 mmol) was added to2-morpholino-5-nitrophenol (prepared as described herein above; 200 mg,0.892 mmol) in ethanol (20 mL), hydrogen gas was added (40 psi), and thereaction allowed to proceed for 12 h at room temperature. The reactionwas monitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, the reactionmixture filtered through Celite®, and the solvent removed in vacuo. Theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography (2% CH₃OH/CH₂Cl₂) toprovide the title compound 5-amino-2-morpholinophenol (200 mg, 0.937mmol, 105% yield) as a solid.

6. Preparation ofN-(3-(6-Chloro-1-(Tetrahydro-2H-Pyran-2-Yl)-1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-D]Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)Acrylamide

4,6-dichloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine(100 mg, 0.366 mmol), (3-acrylamidophenyl)boronic acid (70 mg, 0.366mmol) and triphenylphosphine (4 mg, 0.015 mmol) were dissolved in amixture of toluene (7 mL) and 1 M sodium carbonate (39 mg, 0.367 mmol).Palladium(II) acetate (2.0 mg, 0.009 mmol) was then added and thereaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at 80° C. The reaction mixture wasthen allowed to cool to room temperature and the solvent was removed invacuo. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (20 mL) and washed with water(10 mL). The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (20 ml), and organic layers were combined. Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried overNa₂SO₄ and then concentrated. The crude material was purified by flashchromatography (EtOAc/hexane 20%) to yield the title compound (70%). ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.45 (m, 2H), 7.88 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.85 (d,1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.68 (s, 1H), 7.49 (t, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 6.46 (m, 1H), 6.27(m, 1H), 6.06 (d, 1H, J=10.4 Hz), 5.79 (d, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 4.12 (m, 1H),3.82 (t, 1H, J=10.0 Hz), 2.58 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 1H), 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.78(m, 2H), 1.62 (m, 1H). ESI-MS: 384.10 [M+H]⁺.

7. Preparation ofN-(3-(6-((3-Hydroxy-4-Morpholinophenyl)Amino)-1-(Tetrahydro-2H-Pyran-2-Yl)-1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-D]Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)Acrylamide

N-(3-(6-chloro-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide(50 mg, 0.130 mmol), 5-amino-2-morpholinophenol (25.3 mg, 0.130 mmol)and potassium carbonate (45.0 mg, 0.326 mmol) were dissolved in t-BuOH(80 mL). 4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (3.01 mg, 5.21μmol) and Pd₂dba₃ (2.386 mg, 2.61 μmol) were then added to the solution.The reaction mixture was refluxed at 100° C. for 12 h, and the reactionwas monitored by TLC. Following completion of the reaction, the reactionmixture was allowed to cool, and the solvent was removed in vacuo. Theresulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (2%methanol/DCM) to yield the title compound (20 mg, 0.037 mmol, 28.3%yield) as yellow solid. Crude material was used without furtherpurification and used directly in the next reaction.

8. Preparation ofN-(3-(6-((3-Hydroxy-4-Morpholinophenyl)Amino)-1H-Pyrazolo[3,4-d]Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)Acrylamide

2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid (526 mg, 4.62 mmol) was added to a solutionofN-(3-(6-((3-hydroxy-4-morpholinophenyl)amino)-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide(100 mg, 0.185 mmol) in DCM (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred atroom temperature overnight (about 8-12 h), after which the solvent wasremoved in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography(MeOH/DCM 5%) to yield the title compound (45 mg, 0.096 mmol, 52.2%yield) as a solid. ¹NMR (CD3OD, 400 MHz): 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.39 (s, 1H),8.05 (d, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 7.94 (s, 1H), 7.62 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.56 (t,1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.36-7.29 (m, 2H), 6.54-6.43 (m, 2H), 5.85 (dd, 1H, J=2.8& 9.6 Hz), 4.03 (m, 4H), 3.54 (m, 4H).

9. Preparation ofN-(3-(5-Chloro-2-((3-Hydroxy-4-Morpholinophenyl)Amino)Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)Acrylamide

N-(3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide (151 mg, 0.515 mmol),5-amino-2-morpholinophenol (100 mg, 0.515 mmol) and potassium carbonate(178 mg, 1.287 mmol) were dissolved in t-BuOH (5 mL) and Pd₂dba₃ (9.43mg, 10.30 μmol) and 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene(11.92 mg, 0.021 mmol) were added and then the reaction mixture washeated via microwave irradiation to 140° C. for 1 h. Reaction wasmonitored by TLC. After completion of the reaction, it was allowed tocool to about room temperature, and then reaction mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (2×50 mL). The organic phase was concentrated and theresidue was purified by flash column chromatography (4% MeOH/DCM) toprovide the title compound (120 mg, 50.0% yield) as an off white solid.1HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD): δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 7.68 (m, 2H), 7.53(d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz), 7.46 (t, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.02 (dd, 1H, J=2.4 & 8.8Hz), 6.97 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 6.50-6.38 (m, 2H), 5.80 (dd, 1H, J=2.4 &9.6 Hz), 3.83 (m, 4H), 2.93 (m, 4H). Mass: 452.1 [M+H]⁺.

10. Preparation of5-((4-(3-Acrylamidophenyl)-5-Chloropyrimidin-2-Yl)Amino)-2-MorpholinophenylDiisopropyl Phosphate

n-Butyl lithium (0.14 mL, 2.5 M solution in hexane) was diluted 10-foldin THF (1.4 mL), and the resulting mixture added dropwise to a rapidlystirring solution ofN-(3-(5-chloro-2-((3-hydroxy-4-morpholinophenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide(100 mg, 0.221 mmol) in THF (5 ml) that was under argon gas and thereaction vessel was immersed in a salt-ice bath (bath temperature about−10° C. to −5° C.). The resulting white suspension was stirred for 5min, followed by addition of diisopropyl phosphorochloridate (178 mg,0.885 mmol) to the reaction mixture in a single portion. The suspensionbecame a clear solution within about 5 min, and then reaction mixturewas stirred at ambient temperature for about 18 h. Then reaction mixturewas evaporated to dryness on a rotary evaporator. The resulting cruderesidue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using a mixtureof 3% methanol and DCM as eluting solvent to provide the title compound(50 mg, 0.078 mmol, 35.2% yield) as a syrup. 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.52 (bs, 1H), 8.49 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 8.37 (s, 1H), 7.98 (s, 1H), 7.78(d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 7.41 (d, 1H, J=8.4 Hz), 7.38 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, 1H,J=8.4 Hz), 6.77 (d, 1H, J=8.0 Hz), 6.45 (m, 2H), 5.68 (t, 1H, J=6.0 Hz),4.74 (m, 2H), 3.81 (m, 4H), 2.96 (m, 4H). Mass: 616.2 [M+H]⁺.

11. Characterization of Exemplary Compounds

Substituted N-(3-(pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide analogs weresynthesized with methods identical or analogous to those as describedherein above. The requisite starting materials were commerciallyavailable, described in the literature, or readily synthesized by oneskilled in the art of organic synthesis.

TABLE II No. Structure Name M + H 1

N-(3-(5-chloro-2-((3-hydroxy-4- morpholinophenyl)amino)pyrimidin-4-yl)phenyl)acrylamide 452.1 2

5-((4-(3-acrylamidophenyl)-5- chloropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-2 -morpholinophenyl diisopropyl phosphate 616.2

12. Cell Culture

All cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 media supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (“FBS”) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (100 IU/mLpenicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin) at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Additionalsupplements are as indicated in the table below. ATCC is the AmericanType Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.), and DSMZ is the DeutscheSammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (German Collection ofMicroorganims and Cell Cultures; Braunschweig, Germany). The cell linestypically used in these studies are indicated below in Table II.

TABLE II ATCC/DSMZ Culture Cell Line Tissue Source Number media BxPC-3Pancreas adenocarcinoma CRL-1687 RPMI-1640 (ATCC) GRANTA- High-gradeB-NHL ACC 342 Dulbecco's 519 (leukemic transformation (DSMZ) MEM (4.5g/L of mantle cell lymphoma, glucose) + 2 stage IV mM L- glutamine OPM-2Multiple myeloma (IgG ACC 50 RPMI-1640 lambda) in leukemic (DSMZ) phaseRamos Burkitt's lymphoma CRL-1596 RPMI-1640 (RA-1) (ATCC)

13. BTK Kinase Assay: ADP Generation Assay

The primary assay for compound inhibitory activity was the ADPgeneration assay described herein. Test compounds were diluted todesired concentrations in kinase reaction buffer and briefly incubatedwith recombinant full-length human BTK kinase with a (His)₆ tag (81.3kDa; Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, Calif.). The assay as describedis based on volumes used in a standard 384 well format using solid,white-wall plates. The reaction was subsequently initiated by theaddition of ATP and myelin basic protein (MBP) substrate (MilliporeCorporation, Waltham, Mass.). Composition of the assay reaction mixture(5 mL volume) was: 5% v/v DMSO, 60 nM BTK, 1.6 μM ATP, and 20 μM MBPsubstrate. After incubation at room temperature for 60 min, 5 mL of theADP-Glo™ reagent (Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis.) was added to eachwell and incubated for an additional 40 minutes. The reagent stopped thekinase reaction and depleted the unconsumed ATP. Kinase Detectionreagent (10 mL; Promega Corporation) was then added to each well. TheKinase Detection reagent comprises reagents to convert ADP to ATP andprovide luciferase and luciferin to detect ATP. Luminescence wasmeasured on an EnVision® microplate reader (PerkinElmer). The amount ofluminescence from each reaction is directly correlated with BTK kinaseactivity. Percent inhibition and IC₅₀ values were calculated bycomparing enzyme activity in drug-treated wells to the appropriatecontrols.

14. BTK Kinase Assay: Time Resolved-Fret Assay

Activity of compounds was routinely confirmed using a secondary assay asdescribed herein. The secondary assay was a time resolved-FRET kinaseassay. Test compound are diluted to desired concentrations in kinasereaction buffer and briefly incubated with BTK kinase (as describedabove; Invitrogen). The reaction is initiated by the addition of ATP andenzyme substrate, HTRF® KinEASE™-TK Substrate-biotin (Cisbio US,Bedford, Mass.). The composition of the reaction (10 μl) was: 1% v/vDMSO, 10 nM BTK, 60 μM ATP, and 1 μM substrate. After incubation at roomtemperature for 60 min, the enzyme reaction is stopped byEDTA-containing buffer, which also contains europium-labeled(Eu³⁺-Cryptate) anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (Cisbio) andStreptavidin-XL665 (Cisbio). The europium-labeled antibody generates atime-resolved FRET signal with the Stepavidin-XL665, which binds to thebiotinylated TK substrate through the streptavidin conjugate when thesubstrate is phosphorylated. After one hour incubation at roomtemperature, fluorescence was measured with excitation of 320 nm anddual emission of 615 and 665 nm on an EnVision microplate reader. Signalis expressed in terms of a TR-FRET ratio (665:615).

15. Cell Viability Assay

The cells were grown as described above, and for the assay cells werefreshly harvested and then were plated in 45 mL of appropriate media (asdescribed above) at a density of 1000 cells per well in standard solidwhite-walled 384-well plates. Cells were allowed to attach by incubationovernight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. Test compounds were diluted to 10×concentrations in the appropriate media for the cell used (containing 3%DMSO) and 5 mL of these dilutions were appropriate wells containing thecells. Test compounds were typically tested in triplicate (i.e. a givenconcentration of compound was assayed in triplicate wells). The platescontaining the drug-treated cells and appropriate controls wereincubated for 96 hours. At the end of the incubation, 40 mL of ATP-lite(PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, Mass.) reagent were added to each well andluminescence signal was measured on an EnVision microplate reader.

16. IC₅₀ Calculation

IC₅₀ values are determined using GraphPad Prism 5 software. The datawere entered as an X-Y plot into the software as percent inhibition foreach concentration of the drug. The concentration values of the drugwere log transformed and the nonlinear regression was carried out usingthe “sigmoidal dose-response (variable slope)” option within theGraphPad software to model the data and calculate IC₅₀ values. The IC₅₀values reported are the concentration of drug at which 50% inhibitionwas reached.

17. Activity of Substituted N-(3-(Pyrimidin-4-Yl)Phenyl)AcrylamideAnalogs in BTK

Activity (IC₅₀) was determined in the BTK assays describe herein above,i.e. either the ADP generation assay and/or the time-resolved FRETassay, and the data are shown in Table III. The compound numbercorresponds to the compound numbers used in Table I. In the table below,“ADP Assay” refers to the assay which measures production of ADPresulting from use of ATP by the kinase; “HTRF Assay” refers to the timeresolved-FRET kinase assay described in the examples; and “n.d.” meansthat the IC₅₀ was not determined in the indicated assay. Multiple valuesin a given column indicate the results of more than one assay for thegiven compound.

TABLE III IC₅₀ (μM) No. ADP Assay HTRF Assay 1 0.004 n.d. 2 3.580 n.d.

18. Prospective In Vivo Anti-Tumor Effects

The following example of the in vivo effect of the disclosed compoundsare prophetic. Generally agents which inhibit the Bcr pathway, includingBTK kinase inhibitors, display efficacy in preclinical models of cancer.In vivo effects of the compounds described in the preceding examples areexpected to be shown in various animal models of cancer known to theskilled person, such as tumor xenograft models. These models aretypically conducted in rodent, most often in mouse, but may be conductedin other animal species as is convenient to the study goals. Compounds,products, and compositions disclosed herein are expected to show in vivoeffects in various animal models of cancer known to the skilled person,such as mouse tumor xenograft models.

In vivo effects of compounds can be assessed with in a mouse tumorxenograft study, one possible study protocol is described herein.Briefly, cells (2 to 5×10⁶ in 100 mL culture media) were implantedsubcutaneously in the right hind flank of athymic nu/nu nude mice (5 to6 weeks old, 18-22 g). For test compounds of the present invention, atypical cell-line used for the tumor xenograft study would be BxPC-3.Other suitable cell-lines for these studies are GRANTA-519, OPM-2, andRamos (RA-1) cells. The cells are cultured prior to harvesting for thisprotocol as described herein.

Following implantation, the tumors are allowed to grow to 100 mm³ beforethe animals are randomized into treatment groups (e.g. vehicle, positivecontrol and various dose levels of the test compound); the number ofanimals per group is typically 8-12. Day 1 of study corresponds to theday that the animals receive their first dose. The efficacy of a testcompound can be determined in studies of various length dependent uponthe goals of the study. Typical study periods are for 14, 21 and28-days. The dosing frequency (e.g. whether animals are dosed with testcompound daily, every other day, every third day or other frequencies)is determined for each study depending upon the toxicity and potency ofthe test compound. A typical study design would involve dosing daily(M-F) with the test compound with recovery on the weekend. Throughoutthe study, tumor volumes and body weights are measured twice a week. Atthe end of the study the animals are euthanized and the tumors harvestedand frozen for further analysis.

For example, compounds having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof, areexpected to show such in vivo effects as anti-tumor activity and/orincreased survival in animal models of cancer.

19. Prophetic Pharmaceutical Composition Examples

“Active ingredient” as used throughout these examples relates to one ormore disclosed compounds, or a product of a disclosed method of making.For example, an active ingredient is understood to include a compoundhaving a structure represented by the formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.

Typical examples of recipes for the formulation of the invention are asgiven below. Various other dosage forms can be applied herein such as afilled gelatin capsule, liquid emulsion/suspension, ointments,suppositories or chewable tablet form employing the disclosed compoundsin desired dosage amounts in accordance with the present invention.Various conventional techniques for preparing suitable dosage forms canbe used to prepare the prophetic pharmaceutical compositions, such asthose disclosed herein and in standard reference texts, for example theBritish and US Pharmacopoeias, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (MackPublishing Co.) and Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia (London ThePharmaceutical Press).

The disclosure of this reference is hereby incorporated herein byreference.

A. Pharmaceutical Composition for Oral Administration

A tablet can be prepared as follows:

Component Amount Active ingredient 10 to 500 mg Lactose 100 mgCrystalline cellulose 60 mg Magnesium stearate 5 Starch (e.g. potatostarch) Amount necessary to yield total weight indicated below Total(per capsule) 1000 mg

Alternatively, about 100 mg of a disclosed compound, 50 mg of lactose(monohydrate), 50 mg of maize starch (native), 10 mg ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP 25) (e.g. from BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany)and 2 mg of magnesium stearate are used per tablet. The mixture ofactive component, lactose and starch is granulated with a 5% solution(m/m) of the PVP in water. After drying, the granules are mixed withmagnesium stearate for 5 min. This mixture is moulded using a customarytablet press (e.g. tablet format: diameter 8 mm, curvature radius 12mm). The moulding force applied is typically about 15 kN.

Alternatively, a disclosed compound can be administered in a suspensionformulated for oral use. For example, about 100-5000 mg of the desireddisclosed compound, 1000 mg of ethanol (96%), 400 mg of xanthan gum, and99 g of water are combined with stirring. A single dose of about 10-500mg of the desired disclosed compound according can be provided by 10 mlof oral suspension.

In these Examples, active ingredient can be replaced with the sameamount of any of the compounds according to the present invention, inparticular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds. Insome circumstances it may be desirable to use a capsule, e.g. a filledgelatin capsule, instead of a tablet form. The choice of tablet orcapsule will depend, in part, upon physicochemical characteristics ofthe particular disclosed compound used.

Examples of alternative useful carriers for making oral preparations arelactose, sucrose, starch, talc, magnesium stearate, crystallinecellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose,hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, glycerin, sodiumalginate, gum arabic, etc. These alternative carriers can be substitutedfor those given above as required for desired dissolution, absorption,and manufacturing characteristics.

The amount of a disclosed compound per tablet for use in apharmaceutical composition for human use is determined from bothtoxicological and pharmacokinetic data obtained in suitable animalmodels, e.g. rat and at least one non-rodent species, and adjusted basedupon human clinical trial data. For example, it could be appropriatethat a disclosed compound is present at a level of about 10 to 1000 mgper tablet dosage unit.

B. Pharmaceutical Composition for Injectable Use

A parenteral composition can be prepared as follows:

Component Amount* Active ingredient 10 to 500 mg Sodium carbonate 560mg* Sodium hydroxide 80 mg* Distilled, sterile water Quantity sufficientto prepare total volume indicated below. Total (per capsule) 10 ml perampule *Amount adjusted as required to maintain physiological pH in thecontext of the amount of active ingredient, and form of activeingredient, e.g. a particular salt form of the active ingredient.

Alternatively, a pharmaceutical composition for intravenous injectioncan be used, with composition comprising about 100-5000 mg of adisclosed compound, 15 g polyethylenglycol 400 and 250 g water in salinewith optionally up to about 15% Cremophor EL, and optionally up to 15%ethyl alcohol, and optionally up to 2 equivalents of a pharmaceuticallysuitable acid such as citric acid or hydrochloric acid are used. Thepreparation of such an injectable composition can be accomplished asfollows: The disclosed compound and the polyethylenglycol 400 aredissolved in the water with stirring. The solution is sterile filtered(pore size 0.22 μm) and filled into heat sterilized infusion bottlesunder aseptic conditions. The infusion bottles are sealed with rubberseals.

In a further example, a pharmaceutical composition for intravenousinjection can be used, with composition comprising about 10-500 mg of adisclosed compound, standard saline solution, optionally with up to 15%by weight of Cremophor EL, and optionally up to 15% by weight of ethylalcohol, and optionally up to 2 equivalents of a pharmaceuticallysuitable acid such as citric acid or hydrochloric acid. Preparation canbe accomplished as follows: a desired disclosed compound is dissolved inthe saline solution with stirring. Optionally Cremophor EL, ethylalcohol or acid are added. The solution is sterile filtered (pore size0.22 μm) and filled into heat sterilized infusion bottles under asepticconditions. The infusion bottles are sealed with rubber seals.

In this Example, active ingredient can be replaced with the same amountof any of the compounds according to the present invention, inparticular by the same amount of any of the exemplified compounds.

The amount of a disclosed compound per ampule for use in apharmaceutical composition for human use is determined from bothtoxicological and pharmacokinetic data obtained in suitable animalmodels, e.g. rat and at least one non-rodent species, and adjusted basedupon human clinical trial data. For example, it could be appropriatethat a disclosed compound is present at a level of about 10 to 1000 mgper tablet dosage unit.

Carriers suitable for parenteral preparations are, for example, water,physiological saline solution, etc. which can be used withtris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide orthe like serving as a solubilizer or pH adjusting agent. The parenteralpreparations contain preferably 50 to 1000 mg of a disclosed compoundper dosage unit.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the present inventionwithout departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Otherembodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in theart from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having a structure represented by aformula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.
 2. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is NR⁸Ar¹.
 3. The compound of claim 1,wherein R¹ is halogen.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ and R² arecovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein the compound theheterocyclic ring is an optionally substituted pyrazole ring.
 6. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure represented bya formula:


7. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structurerepresented by a formula:


8. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structurerepresented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen.
 9. A method for the treatment of cancer in amammal, the method comprising the step of administering to the mammal aneffective amount of least one compound having a structure represented bya formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.
 10. Themethod of claim 9, further comprising the step of identifying a mammalin need of treatment of cancer.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein themammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment of cancer prior tothe administering step.
 12. The method of claim 9, wherein the cancer isselected from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma,B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and large B-cell lymphoma.
 13. A method forthe treatment of an arthritic disease in a mammal, the method comprisingthe step of administering to the mammal an effective amount of least onecompound having a structure represented by a formula:

wherein R¹ is halogen or NR⁸Ar¹; or wherein R¹ and R² are optionallycovalently bonded and, together with the intermediate carbons, comprisean optionally substituted fused five-membered or six-membered C2-C5heterocyclic ring; wherein R⁸ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with 0-3 groups independently selectedfrom cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3 alkylamine, and C1-C3dialkylamino or Ar¹ is monocyclic heteroaryl substituted with 0-3 groupsindependently selected from halo, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy,C1-C6 haloalkyl, C1-C6 polyhaloalkyl, C1-C6 cyanoalkyl, SO₂R⁹, C1-C3alkylamine, and C1-C3 dialkylamino; wherein R⁹ is selected from hydrogenand C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R² is hydrogen; or wherein R¹ and R² areoptionally covalently bonded and, together with the intermediatecarbons, comprise an optionally substituted fused five-membered orsix-membered C2-C5 heterocyclic ring; wherein R³ is a structurerepresented by the formula:

wherein R¹⁰ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein each ofR^(11a) and R^(11b) is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen,and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R^(12a) is selected from hydrogen, halogen, andC1-C6 alkyl; and wherein R^(12b) is selected from hydroxyl and a grouphaving a structure represented by a formula:

wherein z is an integer selected from 1, 2, and 3; wherein eachoccurrence of R⁹⁰, when present, is independently selected fromhydrogen, C1-C8 alkyl, and phenyl; wherein R¹³ is a five-membered orsix-membered C3-C6 heterocycle substituted with 0-3 groups selected fromhalogen, cyano, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyoxy, C1-C6 haloalkyl, andC1-C6 polyhaloalkyl; wherein each of R^(4a), R^(4b), R^(4c), and R^(4d)is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and C1-C6 alkyl;wherein R⁵ is selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; wherein R⁶ isselected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl; and wherein each of R^(7a) andR^(7b) is independently selected from hydrogen and C1-C6 alkyl, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or polymorph thereof.
 14. Themethod of claim 13, further comprising the step of identifying a mammalin need of treatment of an arthritic disease.
 15. The method of claim13, wherein the mammal has been diagnosed with a need for treatment ofan arthritic disease prior to the administering step.
 16. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the arthritic disease is selected from inflammatoryarthritis, osteoarthritis, lymphocyte-independent arthritis, orrheumatoid arthritis.